View Full Version : 第三章 多種宗教與一種真信仰
Ming Yuen Yee
05-24-2008, 07:27 AM
Chapter synopsis
After what Lindbeck describes as a pre-theological inquiry in Ch.2, he tries to make a further case for his cultural-linguistic model that, in addition to being able to better explain the empirical (and non-theological) data about the relations of religion and experience, it is also theologically useful or interesting. By this he means that his model at least makes sense and allows the possibility of some claims made by religions about themselves. He admits that the interreligious problems dealt with in Ch.3 are shaped by Christian concerns, but they could and should be different if seen from the perspectives of other religions, and he promises that his model can equally handle them.
I. Unsurpassability
Different models of religion have different conceptions of how religions can be compared with each other in terms of:
Propositional truth: ontological correspondence
Symbolic efficacy: effectiveness in evoking the inner experience of the divine
Categorial adequacy: "Adequate categories are those which can be made to apply to what is taken to be real, and which therefore make possible, though they do not guarantee propositional, practical, and symbolic truth. A religion that is thought of as having such categories can be said to be 'categorially true'" (p.48).
According to cultural-linguistic model, then a "categorially true religion" is one in which it is possible to speak meaningfully of "that which is", i.e. it makes possible propositional truth as well as falsehood.
These three senses of what is religiously "true" respectively have contrasting interpretations of some religions' claim of unsurpassability.
Propositional truth: notwithstanding the traditional view, it does not require that an unsurpassable religion is inerrant, but only that it is maximally true, and that other "lesser" religions may contain a mixture of truth and error
Symbolic efficacy: expressive truth can be unsurpassable, but only in a weak sense, because various religions are just varying (complementary and incommensurable) objectifications of the same basic experience
Categorial adequacy (strong version): there may be only one religion that is categorially adequate and thus all other religions are categorially false, but neither true nor false propositionally or expressively; i.e. they would be religiously meaningless
Categorial adequacy (weak version): a categorially adequate religion may still be open to all sorts of (ontological) falsehoods in what it affirms
Lindbeck clearly subscribes to the weaker version of categorial adequacy. A religion may be thought of as a map. There may be various versions of the final, complete, unsurpassable map that identify the destination a traveller wants to go, and there are other less accurate maps, but whether these maps help the traveller depends on how they are used (p.52).
II. The Interrelationships of Religions
Lindbeck's map metaphor gives an account of the diversity of religions. Regarding the relationships between the religions, there are various possibilities:
one religion to other may be like the incomplete to the complete, promise to fulfilment
two religions may diversely objectify the same or similar experiences
religions may be complementary in providing guidance to different but not incompatible dimensions of existence
religions may directly oppose each other by giving contrary directions
there is also the relation of the coherent to the incoherent, or the authentic to the inauthentic
most often religions are comparable in more than one of these respects
Given these possibilities, the cultural-linguistic model supports a particular mode of interreligious dialogue, without the need of assuming any shared experiential core among religions: different religionists may have the responsibilities to each other in helping other religions to achieve or realise themselves, to purify and enrich their heritage, e.g. a Christian can help a Buddhist to be a better Buddhist (p.54). (Lindbeck will have more to say on this later in the chapter.) This may be the only way to do justice to the truths and values of non-Christian religions.
III. Salvation and Other Faiths
Lindbeck discusses two different Christian views of the salvation of non-believers:
God's saving work in Jesus Christ is effective for all: which was further refined into the notion of "anonymous Christians" by Rahner such that the saving grace of Christ can be shared by non-Christians by means of "implicit faith"
The eternal destiny of human beings is decided in death or beyond death in the encounter with Jesus: which can be developed into prospective or eschatological fides ex auditu, i.e. death is the point every human being is ultimately and expressly confronted by the gospel, by the crucified and risen Lord, then the final decision can be made by both the believers and non-believers
Both of these views contradict with Christian insistence on the necessity of explicit faith of Christ in the present life, and try to overcome this difficulty. But Lindbecks notes that in any case we have to explain the extraordinary combination of relaxation and urgency of the earliest Christians regarding their attitude toward those outside the Church.
Ming Yuen Yee
05-24-2008, 07:39 AM
IV. Excursus on religion and truth
I won't summarise this section of the book, because it is very technical and, in my view, confused. Too many questions I wish to raise for discussion.
(1) Two kinds of truth
Lindbeck tries to distinguish between intra-systematic truth (akin to coherence but more than that as it should also include conformity to a form of life) and ontological truth (like correspondence to reality but the notion of "reality" is broadened to whatever the religious language refers). Such that a statement must be intrasystematically true in order to be ontologically true, but intrasystematic truth is only a necessary, not sufficient, condition for ontological truth. Lindbeck explains it by saying that:
"An intrasystematically true statement is ontologically false -- or, more accurately, meaningless -- if it is part of a system that lacks the concepts or categories to refer to the relevant realities, but it is ontologically true if it is part of a system that is itself categorially true (adequate)" (pp.64-5)
It seems that Lindbeck imagines there is a possibility of a statement belonging to a categorially false religious language, which is nonetheless intrasystematically true, but ultimately ontologically false (because there is nothing it can refer to). My question is: whether there are any religions which are intrasystematically well-organised enough to produce intrasystematically true statements and yet so seriously faulted categorially to the extent of making these intrasystematically true statements utterly "meaningless"? Within Lindbeck's model, there seems always to be a form of life a religious language can refer to by constituting it. Is it possible that a religious language will turn out to be categorially inadequate with respect to the reality it partly constitutes?
Lindbeck's (p.65) literary example exposes his confusion: "Denmark is the land where Hamlet lived" is ontologically false (or does not have a referent in the real world), but it is not "meaningless" (it has its sense). This question about whether (and to what) literature refers is a classic problem in philosophy of language. Lindbeck does not seem to have made up his mind about what place to give to the idea of categorial adequacy in this discussion of kinds of truth. I would surmise that, instead of/ in addition to intrasystematic coherence, categorial adequacy is the true necessary condition of ontological correspondence.
(2) Use, context and truth
Lindbeck further explains the possibility of ontological truth of religious utterances according to his cultural-linguistic model:
"Their correspondence to reality [...] is not an attribute that they have when considered in and of themselves, but is only a function of their role in constituting a form of life, a way of being in the world, which itself corresponds to the Most Important, the Ultimately Real" (p.65; emphasis added)
There are two steps here: (a) religious utterances are propositional and capable of ontological truth only when they are used in certain contexts and in the right ways, and these contexts and uses are determined by a form of life the religious utterances help to constitute; (b) then and only then, we can explore the question of correspondence of these religious utterances-in-use, but only indirectly through the consideration of the correspondence of such form of life or being-in-the-world to the Most Important (or God). (a) is about use (and what can be counted as propositional use); and (b) is about truth (or "correspondence"). (a) is logically prior to (b).
Elsewhere throughout the book, Lindbeck sometimes collapse these two separate aspects perhaps precisely because the Wittgensteinian form of life plays such a crucial function in both of them. And very often he seems to suggest that the truth at issue is not the correspondence of the form of life to the Most Important or Ultimate, but purely a matter of conformity of the life of the believer to the community form of life.
For (a) above, Lindbeck later clarifies that religious sentences "acquire enough specificity to have first-order or ontological truth or falsity only in determinate settings, and this rarely if ever happens on the pages of theological treatises or in the course of doctrinal discussion" (emphasis added). For example, "Christ is Lord"
"becomes a first-order proposition capable [?] of making ontological truth claims only as it is used in the activities of adoration, proclamation, obedience, promise-hearing, and promise-keeping which shape individuals and communities into conformity to the mind of Christ" (p.68).
In other words, we cannot say whether "Christ is Lord" in and of itself is a doctrine or a first-order truth claim, we can at best distinguish its doctrinal or theological (thus non-propositional) uses and its other first-order religious uses. The cornerstone distinction of the book between doctrine and first-order belief-statement risks collapsing if the religious use of a statement like "Christ is Lord" can be simultaneously regulative/constitutive and propositional/assertorical. Lindbeck seems to think that this possibility is actual when he says that, unlike religious utterances, nonreligious performative speech cannot simultaneously function both performatively and propositionally (p.65). (And I wonder if Lindbeck's understanding of Austin here is correct?)
Even the distinction between the first- and second-order still holds some water, it does reveal that the major thesis of the book is not that ground-breaking after all. It is not saying much that a doctrine is a doctrine (non-propositional) if and when it is used doctrinally (non-propositionally), and it is no longer a doctrine when used differently in other contexts.
For (b) above, it is noteworthy that in Lindbeck's discussion regarding the truth of "Jesus is Lord", he introduces a seemingly new conception of ontological truth, namely the "performatory conformity of the self to God". This is modified from the Thomist thesis that:
"although in statements about God the human mode of signifying (modus significandi) does not correspond to anything in the divine being, the signified (significatum) does" (p.66; emphasis added).
However, this notion of "truth" is remote from common notion of ontological correspondence, as Lindbeck immediately falls back on the Wittgensteinian form of life for elaboration. Truth claims about God "provide warrant" for or "authorise" certain ways of behaving and committing to God as if these claims are true, as they purport really to be (p.67). Lindbeck recognises that "Jesus is Lord" is more than categorially adequate or intrasystematically true, for Paul and Luther the Lordship of Christ is objectively real regardless of whether there are anyone to believe it. But Lindbeck seems to have twisted their intention when he says that:
"What they were concerned to assert is that the only way to assert this truth is to do something about it, i.e. to commit oneself to a way of life; and this concern, it would seem, is wholly congruent with the suggestion that it is only through the performatory use of religious utterances that they acquire propositional force" (p.66)
The way that Lindbeck ties "use" with "truth" is one weakest spot that critics find in his account of truth. To put it crudely, in the business of "making-true" religious utterances, the believing community is doing too much, God is doing too little! Lindbeck's cultural-linguistic model leaves little room for revelation. Lindbeck perhaps believes that it is as it should be, because he imagines his model a non-theological social theory. But the philosophical and theological considerations keep breaking in -- there is no theologically or philosophically neutral social theory (yet Lindbeck should agree to this Kuhnian point too).
yanlaptak
05-27-2008, 12:27 AM
先謝謝明姊。
這是重要而困難的一章,得再讀讀才可以回應。
yanlaptak
05-27-2008, 10:40 PM
讀這樣一部神哲學論文.首先該從道理上去評鑑,然而,就其中一個說法,我頗懷疑現實中是否行得通。
Lindbeck似乎說,從CL觀點出發,一個基督教傳道人的任務可以是「鼓勵馬克思主義者成為更好的馬克思主義者,鼓勵猶太教徒成為更好的猶太教徒...」。這個說法雖然高尚,但恐怕沒有那一個基督教機構會聘請這樣的傳道人。若行不通的(雖然說得通,但當起爭議要決定的)話,恐怕Lindbeck的說法,便未必categorially true了。
Ming Yuen Yee
05-28-2008, 05:57 AM
雖然香港很少全職搞宗教共融的牧者,但即使有傳道人參與和推動宗教對話,又有何不可?馬克思主義者算不算宗教對話對象是另話,但也不能先驗地將所有無神論者排除於宗教對話。
首先,要問宗教對話是否傳道人的職事之一?我想有些神學家會說,這是他們的「本業」,要傳福音就要跟別的宗教的信眾溝通,要在多元的公民社會生存,就要懂得跟別的宗教人士共處,甚至合作。Lindbeck提議的是宗教對話的其中一種可行的模式,也不需要是唯一的模式,當然按他的理路,某些宗教對話的模式是不恰當的。他的建議聽上去好像很理想化,但卻體現了一種在宗教對話中必須的互相尊重,值得參考。
Daniel_Cheung
05-29-2008, 02:32 AM
出門後昨天才回到家,明天要見教授,恐怕我這星期無法看書和回應各位了(也無法回應甄兄有關第二章的帖)。請見諒。
yanlaptak
05-29-2008, 10:50 PM
我同意明姊這些疑問:
?whether there are any religions which are intrasystematically well-organised enough to produce intrasystematically true statements and yet so seriously faulted categorially to the extent of making these intrasystematically true statements utterly "meaningless"? Within Lindbeck's model, there seems always to be a form of life a religious language can refer to by constituting it. Is it possible that a religious language will turn out to be categorially inadequate with respect to the reality it partly constitutes? ?
至於?in the business of "making-true" religious utterances, the believing community is doing too much, God is doing too little?,我布點保守(實質是迷失)。Lindbeck這種pragmatic truth,其實也有趣,所講命題的真,是由信的人使它為真,換句話說,信而行的則真,信而不行的則假。這點,亦可從聖經及教會教導中尋得支持。而且,這不是一個認真的信徒該做的麼?只是,妳問,上帝的角色何在,或者古老的「信與善工」問題的翻版問題,又令人頭痛。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 11:38 AM
提一提,按照時間表 (http://s-h-c.org/forum/showthread.php?t=4236),這個星期是休息的,但各位可繼續談第一、二、三章。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 05:14 PM
現在才看了三節,但想寫點東西,把我的 marginal notes 分享出來。可能這是出於懶惰,不是甚麼 short essay 。但我給自己的藉口是,在這一章我看到很多我不明白或不認同--甚至覺得是林貝克胡扯--的地方,正所謂 devil is in the details 。我很難對這章作出整體評論和回應。
1. 真與假(pp. 47-48,英文版,下同)
林貝克把傳統命題進路定義為宗教語句的功能是ontological correspondence or isomorphism,若一命題正確地描述它 corresponds 的那事實,那命題就是真的。至於經驗進路裡的宗教語句的真假,則是它是否 symbolically efficacious ,因為在這進路裡,宗教語言是符號,只要最有效地表達它們所表徵的經驗便是好的。而文化進路裡的語句是用來建構現實、表達經驗和替生活帶來秩序的,所以,說它們為真,只是說它們是 adequate ,由於語言是用來表達經驗,所以語言提供了 categories ,於是,這 adequacy 叫做 categorical adequacy 。
這裡有幾個問題。首先,這似乎把「真」(true) 這概念過份拉扯,在經驗進路和文化進路裡強調的不是真或假,而是有效或充份。那麼,為何不乾脆說「真」這概念不適用?這恐怕涉及他對哲學對命題的討論認識太膚淺,太幼稚(這現象在當代神學界屢見不爽)。他把命題的真說 eternally true 是草率的。能永恆地真的命題,是那些有 maximal description 的命題。舉例說,「我相信今天是星期一」對於我,在時空裡的某一刻,是真的,但換了別人,換了時間,那就不一定是真。如此,只有那些把一切(相關)描述都包括在內的命題才可以永恆地真。另外,命題之真假,在英美哲學的發展,早已不是那麼強調對應現實的。不要忘記,在近代哲學裡,早就對心靈以外的實在存在著高度懷疑,人們常覺得不知道那是甚麼一個世界。在二十世紀初的卡納普已開始談 truth relative to framework ,把命題的真與假視作一個framework 裡的 meaning postulates 和邏輯關係的產品。在這裡,他成功地把命題的真與假與 truth as correspondence 分別出來。但來到這點,林貝克等神學人總不去嘗試明白的一點是,這些英美傳統裡的人仍然會大談命題(或語句),視之為重要哲學討論,並且對真和假的命題仍十分執著。這是甚麼一回事?林貝克(等人)有嘗試去了解麼?草草一句「談命題就是相信 truth as correspondence 」,然後再加一句「這只是現代性的啟蒙思想產品」(參p. 51)便打發掉有關命題的討論,只能在哲學人眼中視為無知和笑話。若還要煞有介事地說這樣放棄對命題的盲目執著可以開創學術新天地,就更無稽。
再者,經驗進路裡的有效性 efficacy ,與文化進路裡的充份性 adequacy 有甚麼分別?林貝克說,"a categorially true religion would be one in which it is possible to speak meaningfully of that which is, e.g., most important; but meaningfulness... makes possible propositional falsehood as we as truth" 這引句的前半部所說的,跟 efficacy 其實沒有甚麼分別,他以為創作一個新用詞,就可以把兩者視為不同,是不會成功的。這引句的後半部與我上段的問題有關,但為何真要與 meaningfulness 拉上關係?若一事對我意義不大,它就可以變成假的麼?
2. Three senses of surpassability
由於林貝克的three senses of surpassability 是建基於他的 three senses of truth ,而我上面已說了這分類的怪誕和不合理,所以我覺得這部份已開始胡扯。但可能各位不喜歡我上述對命題和 three senses of truth 的分析,那麼,讓我提出另一些批評。
首先,他在比較三種 surpassability 時,經常說這個是 stronger ,那個是 weaker 。沿用林貝克的語言觀,我們可以質疑這些 stronger 和 weaker 是甚麼 categories ,是誰定出來的,為甚麼我們要關心?當然,我這裡是把這 Wittgensteinian 語言觀應用在我們用來談論宗教的語言,而不是宗教語言本身。但如果我們要採用林貝克對教義的維根斯坦式分析(暫且當這真是合乎維根斯坦的語言觀),那就我們對自己現在用的語言也當採取同一態度。那麼,我們會遇到 Apel 對這語言觀的批評,就是究竟我們是否正假設了一套 universal language-game ?
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 05:14 PM
3. 撒但教的例子?
在談論three senses of surpassability 時,林貝克說, "On a categorial interpretation... beliefs about the Satan of Satanism might be neither true nor false, but like those regarding a square circle, nonsensical..." (p. 51) 他沒有清楚交代為何文化語言進路會得出這判斷。按那段前半部,唯一線索是這進路把宗教語言的對象 (religious objects) 定義為 "whatever in fact is more important than everything else in the universe" 。這裡有兩個大問題。一,這個 "in fact" 是甚麼意思?會是命題式的 truth as correspondence 麼?二,這完全與經驗進路無異。讀這書讀到這裡,我有一個疑問越發強烈,就是那三大進路的分歧,是否被林貝克有意無意地誇大了,到一個地步他在這書要提出的觀點,其實根本沒有甚麼特別,整項活動只是讓他在神學界裡建構一些新論述?
4. 地圖
他以地圖來解釋三大進路裡的三種真,倒顯出他的思考很混亂。他說, "A map... becomes a proposition, an affirmation about how to travel from one place to another, only when actually utilized in the course of a journey." 在這裡,他隱然想用這個 being utilized 的概念來對應他鍾愛的文化語言進路(在那裡, meaning as use 是很重要的,也是維根斯坦的語言觀之一)。然而,他對命題進路的理解卻是錯的。命題,即使只關心他說的那種 truth-as-correspondence ,在這比喻裡的正確對應,應該是「那地圖表達了不同地點的位置和方向」,而不是在告訴使用者如何用一地方去另一地方,唯有當有使用者如此運用時,那些資料才成為命題。如此,他整個比喻根本就是搞錯的。這深刻地反映出他對哲學裡對命題的討論和理解的無知誤解。我作為一個讀(英美)哲學的人,坦白說,對他接著要說下去的東西,已沒有甚麼信心。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 05:15 PM
5. 宗教關係
在第二節,他提出六種基督教如何看別的宗教的觀點,在第三節,他談到Rahner 的 anonymous Christian 正好指出,不同宗教裡的人都可以有同一宗教經驗,那經驗已足以使他們得救,即使他們只留在自己的宗教裡。雖然經驗進路似乎可以很有效地處理宗教關係,但林貝克卻要論證文化語意進路更成功,更合理。這顯然是全章重點,但我讀不出他有甚麼鮮明地論證和理由。
在 pp. 54-55 ,他承認這是經驗進路的強項,但他說文化語意進路更好,是 dominate 的進路。為甚麼?第一個理由是,宗教對話並不用建基於相同宗教經驗,基督徒有一些聖經根據可以既不意圖傳教,又真誠地關心別的宗教,到一個地步 "[t]he missionary task of Christians may at times be to encourage Marxists to become better Marxists, Jews and Muslims to become better Jews and Muslims, and Buddhists to become better Buddhists..." (p. 51) 好的,這是另一個宗教對話和關心別的宗教的理由,但這只是另一個理由,卻不似是最強的理由。然而,林貝克在接著的一段裡說: "but the one we have outlined seems to have clear advantages in terms of the respect it accords other religions over an experiential-expressive type." 為何有 clear advantages?他提及 respect ,這一點在 p. 61 重提,原來他認為 Rahner 式的稱別的宗教信徒為 anonymous Christian 是對別的宗教不敬("religious pretentiousness or imperialism implicit in the notion that non-Christians are anonymously Christian")。但上引 p. 51頁那句裡,我是故意省略了一個完全是自打咀巴的話的,現在且看全句:
"The missionary task of Christians may at times be to encourage Marxists to become better Marxists, Jews and Muslims to become better Jews and Muslims, and Buddhists to become better Buddhists (although admittedly their notion of what a "better Marxist," etc., is will be influenced by Christian norms)." (p. 51)
假如宗教對話裡的所謂尊重別人,只是因為他們做出的事尚算是基督徒眼中的好事和有道德的事,相對於視別人是隱名的基督徒,這並不是一個甚麼了不起的尊重。還有,視別人是隱名的基督徒,不等於要稱呼別人是隱名的基督徒,也不等於要把別人的宗教經驗視為與基督徒的宗教經驗相同(這裡我在第二章時提過,相同宗教經驗來自同一源頭,不等於有相同經驗,但林貝克卻混淆了),甚至不等於要覺得別的宗教要服膺在基督教的道德價值觀。但林貝克這裡說的文化進路,卻假定了要用基督教價值觀來判斷別的宗教。無怪乎撒但教要被他踢出局!(注意,我這裡的批評未必是 Rahner 所接受的,但卻是基於一個 generic 的經驗進路來看。我不清楚 Rahner 思想。)
Pp. 51-52 還有另一句是產生 inconsistency 的。他說: "One can admit the unsubstitutable uniqueness of the God-willed missions of non-Christian religions when one thinks of these faith, not as objectifying poorly what Christianity objectifies well (as Karl Rahner proposes), but as cultural-linguistic systems within which potentialities can be actualized ad realities explored that are not within the direct purview of the peoples of Messianic witness, but that are nevertheless God-willed and God-approved anticipations of aspects of the coming kingdom." 雖然他聲稱文化進路沒有要求別的宗教只可生存於基督教的 purview (但上段我指出他隱然用了基督教道德判斷別的宗教的合法性),但他卻說其他宗教發展出來的,也是God-willed and God-approved anticipations of aspects of the coming kingdom。這比視別人為隱名基督徒好得去哪裡?若別人為隱名基督徒是不好的,他這樣視別人走在一些 God-willed, God-approved 的路上,也只會是不好。得罪說句,這麼顯淺的系統不一致也看不出來,我很懷疑他的學術能力。在引言裡,他誇下海口說他的進路可以解決宗教對話的問題,但原來他連他所批評的別的進路容易產生甚麼理論困難,和那些理論裡的 logically possible moves 是甚麼,都未搞清楚。
如此,在第二節,他就當自己證明了文化語意進路比經驗表達進路,在宗教對話的問題上,是明顯地優勝的。我說: it's just stupid!
6. 得救問題
第三節集中談別的宗教信徒能否得救。這是他在這章開始時承諾必定要處理的,他說:"If a cultural-linguistic approach cannot make at least as good sense of these emphases 〔其中一個是 the possibility of salvation outside the one true faith, if there is such a thing〕 as do alternative theories of religion, then it will be rightly regarded as theologically uninteresting." (pp. 46-47)。但他處理這問題 時,一開始就說,他將不理會大部份傳統新教徒和天主教徒的觀點,即非基督宗教信徒無法得救。由於整節的基調就是別的宗教信徒一定有機會得救,問題只是經驗進路抑或文化進路提供最好解釋,那麼,不理會這些人是合理的。但這些人佔教會人口比例會否很高?完全不理會他們,建構一些完全是他們無法明白和接受的理論,真的會是 theologically interesting 嗎?這與 cultural-linguistic approach 強調教義與群體生活息息相關的要義,會否有衝突?
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 05:15 PM
7. 懶於論證
另外,林貝克似乎很愛玩弄字眼,把一些他不喜歡的東西說成不是神學界潮流就算,連半個理由也懶得提供。且看這例子:
"Two basic types of explanation [for salvation outside church] have been suggested... Each of these options can appeal with varying degrees of persuasiveness to early scriptural or patristic motifs, but most later Christians, especially in the West, have refused to adopt either of these two ways of accounting for the salvation of nonbelievers on the grounds that explicit faith in the Triune God and/or membership in the visible church ... is necessary... Nevertheless, this theological exclusiveness has not become doctrinally definitive in any of the major Christian traditions and is now, as we have mentioned, widely repudiated."
一些為大部份信徒所接受的思想,只因未成為各大宗派的教義核心,就可以在大部份神學家揚棄的理由下,擱在一旁。而他所謂提出了的理由( "as we have mentioned"),原來只不過是說(大意)「對於這課題,有人提出過不同的看法」而已。
8. 舊調重彈
好了,無論怎樣迴避,始終要提出一些實質論點的。林貝克便採用了所謂 fides ex auditu 的角度來批評經驗進路。這角度基於羅馬書十章17節說,人要得救,多多少少是要explicit 的,即完全隱名是不可以的,若要為教會外的人的得救開路,就要假定人人死後都有機會認認真真地聽一聽福音。首先,這fides ex auditu 有多合理呢?林貝克承認,在聖經裡這不是明顯地是對的,這與隱名基督徒論調一樣,不一定錯,也亦不明顯地得到大量經文支持。於是,他說 "The decision between these two views depends, it seems, not on exegesis, but on the systematic historical framework within which one interprets the biblical data." (p. 58)
接著他說,回顧初期教會,也似有些思想令人覺得不用那麼逼切要令天下所有人信耶穌,只是後期的教義反對人人死後都有機會認認真真地聽一聽福音的講法。但近年這思想在天主教學者裡(他說包括Rahner!)卻有被挪用。
那麼,這fides ex auditu究竟有甚麼優勝之處?有甚麼包含了它的 systematic historical framework 是優勝的呢?(這裡,我們假定 Rahner 的隱名基督徒講法與這角度是 mutually exclusive 的,雖然林貝克奇怪地說 Rahner 也用了這角度。)在那幾頁裡,林貝克並沒有交代。他卻談了基督徒不可自誇的理由。他大意是說,宗教語言有其學習過程,要到見主面時才完滿,所以不應自誇云云。但這個不應自誇與fides ex auditu有何關係?他卻沒有清楚交代。如此,他便結論說隱名基督徒一說是 religiously pretentious or imperial 的,即我在第5點裡引出的那句。
到了 p. 62 ,林貝克終於出底牌,他認為隱名基督徒一說的最嚴重錯誤是假設了一個共同的宗教經驗,但 "[i]ts prospective reference seems mythological or unreal to those who think science or philosophy makes it impossible to affirm a temporally and objectively future eschaton." 換言之,他重彈第二章的老調,批評經驗進路(以隱名基督徒一說為代表)要假設人類有一個共同的普遍宗教經驗,但文化語意進路卻不用這個(他聲稱)不合符自然科學(和各類社會科學)的假設。於是,"The notion of an anonymous Christianity present in the depths of other religions is from this perspective nonsense, and a theory of the salvation of non-Christians built upon it seems thoroughly unreal." (p. 62)
如此,他由始至終都只能倚賴第二章的論證,擾擾嚷嚷甚麼不同角度不同理由都是挺多餘的。用我從前一位老師的「名言」,這只是以重覆代替論證。
說經驗進路是 nonsense ,是一種很自然主義眼光下的話,我不明白他可以怎樣接受這觀點(這也呼應他經常誇口他的理論可以符合別的學術研究。他想把自己弄得好像是神學界裡的 interdisciplinary studies 的重要成功人士之一,但事實上他對別的學術--包括哲學--認識卻甚少)。他的文化語意進路,正如我上面提過,也在假定有一些人類共同覺得重要的東西,甚至假定有一些道德價值,是所有宗教都要服膺的。那麼,他的進路與經驗進路唯一分別只是有沒有假定有一個共同的普遍宗教經驗。但我又曾批評,有同一經驗源頭與有同一經驗不可相提並論的。這是他對兩進路分別的錯誤盲點。而且,所謂有不同經驗,是因為有不同語言來表達那些經驗,並且宗教間的現實是各宗教堅持別的宗教裡的經驗與自己講的那些不相同。究竟抽離那些宗教競爭和紛爭的處境後,細看那些經驗是否相同,恐怕仍是未知素。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 09:19 PM
林貝克如何調和命題的重要性?如何反對命題進路?
第四節題為補充(Excursus),但這是全章裡我認為最重要的一節,因為在別處找不到很多林貝克背後的哲學思想,大量例子和比喻的幫助不大。我認為林貝克應該把這一節擴充為一章,詳加解釋,否則全書的思想深度會大大削減。這樣說,不暗示我十分認同他的立場,只是從他的角度看,他是應該詳細地寫好這一節的。
正如明婉儀說,這一節很難撮要,因為頗為混亂。我大概看出以下的理路,各位不妨評論一下這個解釋會否較適切。
林貝克那個反命題的情操到了這裡終於有一個揭盅。他反對的,並不是命題作為真語句,而是在教會日常生活裡的宗教語言不應被解讀為直接的命題宣稱。整個想法有以下幾個要點。
一,林貝克似乎沒有混淆命題(proposition)與陳述句(statement)或其他像是描述事物的句子。他指出,不同陳述句可以表達同一命題(pp. 67-68),那麼,宗教語言裡的一些句子,並不是命題。
二,林貝克承認陳述句是有真假可言的,但他區分了 intrasystematic 和 ontological 的真假。前者主要是一語言的內部融貫(coherence),後者是對 reality 的陳描。
三,林貝克認為 ontologically true 的命題必須要與永恆的實在(reality)對應(corresponds),因為他理解中的命題是永遠地真或永遠地假的。如此,為了確立宗教語言裡有命題的成份,他要把那些真和假視作上帝屬性,而不是任何世界上的事物。這是他討論亞奎那的 modus sinificandi 和 significatum 的用意(pp. 66-67)之一,即是要把命題所對應於上帝這個永恆不變的 Ultimate Mystery (p. 69)。
四,林貝克聲稱,不懂基督教敘事的人無法恰當地說「神是好的」、「耶穌是主」,因為那人不知道這些話背後是甚麼意思。如此,就算那些句子表達著真的命題,對那人來說也是亳無意義的。這是為甚麼他把 meaningfulness 與命題之真假連上關係。
五,然而,在我們一般的理解裡,命題是用來描述世界事態的(states of affairs),那麼,事態如何與一個人有沒有興趣理會,應是無關係的。尤有甚者,林貝克不單要把命題之真假視作與人的 life-world 有必然關係,更是要與宗教生活有必然關係,因為若只有前者,與一般life-world 有關的科學命題的真假仍然是與說話者無關的,更遑論其宗教生活。於是,在理論上林貝克會遇到困難,因為他很想把命題之真假與該命題對說話者的意義連上一個可說是必然的關係。在此,林貝克的出路是 J. L. Austin 的一個觀點--performative use of language 。雖然這觀點扭轉了乾坤,但他對這觀點的介紹是出奇地少的,他只說: "a religious utterance... acquires the propositional truth of ontological correspondence only insofar as it is a performance, an act or deed, which helps create the correspondence." (p. 65) 著墨之稀少,彷彿他不為意這觀點若不成立他的理論就會立刻完蛋,返魂乏術。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 09:20 PM
評議
若上述重構正確的話,我有以下評議:
有關(一),我會建議他用盲子摸象的比喻來說明命題與句子的關係。正如一般邏輯入門的書所說,命題是 informational content of a statement ,也是說話者想表達/肯定/描述的意思(meaning)*。那麼,宗教語句不是命題的意思,應理解為宗教語句不能充份地表達說話者的意思,即不能充份地表達一命題,又或者說,語句裡的字義內容並不是命題內容的全部。這個是我建議的,並不是林貝克建議的。我讀到的印象是,他連這個也未必接受到(或他未想過這點),但我看不出他為何要拒絕。
(* 奎因的跟隨者會不喜歡這個定義。但奎因的哲學太自然主義, 即使假設他的思想可以用來談基督教,也要用一番功夫說明如何談基督教。所以,時間心力所限,還是暫擱在一旁。)
正如之前解釋了,我認為 truth of a statement 一概念不應被扭曲,所以我不會用 categorically true 來說文化語意進路裡的宗教語言。甚至,我不認為有一個概念,其對於文化語意進路裡的宗教語句的關係,相當於 truth 對於命題的關係,所以,即使把那新的對應概念稱為 adequacy ,我也認為不恰當,不文不類。
有關(二)和(三),正如我先前說,命題內容是事態的描述,若那描述是 maximal description of the world ,那就可以是永恆地真或永恆地假,但有沒有必要定義命題為必須是永恆地真或永恆地假呢?他把命題看得如何狹窄,結果便要找很多理論來解釋一番,我看是有點多餘的。而且,那些解釋可能不正確或不充份。另一問題是,如何區分一宗教語句何時是 intrasystematically true ,何時是 ontologically true 。這裡有沒有客觀準則可言?這問題未必致命,但卻是要發展這類思想體系的人必須要回答的。
有關(四)和(五),我承認不懂基督教敘事的人無法恰當地說「神是好的」、「耶穌是主」,真和假對他無意義。但他說:"one must have some skill in how to use its language and practice its way of life before the propositional meaning of its affirmations becomes determinate enough to be rejected" (p. 68)。對相關語言有一定掌握,當然是承認和否認的先決條件,但所謂 practice its way of life 即甚麼意思?在我慮淺的維根斯坦哲學的認識裡,這個 way of life 很大程度上是指對相關語言的掌握,且是一種在生活裡學習得來的掌握,而不是學懂一語言外還要加入甚麼特別群體。不要把問題弄得太抽像,試想,一個同樣說廣東話的人,有相當教育背景的人,即使沒有 practice 基督教,但以一個人類學者角色進入教會,用三年時間觀察基督徒的思想和行為,他理應可以判斷「神是好的」、「耶穌是主」孰真孰假。為何他還要practice 呢?林貝克這裡把 way of life 用得太隨便。西方社會裡(尤其一百年前)幾乎人人都懂得宗教語言,但那裡有人聲稱神不存在,那麼,他們沒有 practice,但卻可以說「神存在」這語句是假的。同理,一個信徒聲稱「神是好的」、「耶穌是主」,無疑這可以有他個人的投入,在聲稱的同時,會 act accordingly ,會感謝神,會服從耶穌,但這不表示那信徒不是在承認一個他無法改變的事態。說到這裡,用很尋常的教會用語說,這只不過是提醒我們,信耶穌裡的信,不是口裡機械化地承認,而是那信念在信的人生命裡會發揮信念應有的作用(就如當我相信快要地震我會離開那地震區而不是口裡機械化地承認但沒有相應行動)。
如何令那信徒所認信成為一個他有能力改變的事態?雖然林貝克表達不力,但似乎他想用來 save the day 的,是 performative use of language 。我一時間找不回 Austin 的書,平日也少讀,但幸好在網上有這一篇文章介紹,而且那概念並不難明白。http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/
相關引文如下,可先看我使之粗體的那段:
The British philosopher John Langshaw Austin (b. 1911?d. 1960) was intrigued by the way that we can use words to do different things. Whether one asserts or merely suggests, promises or merely indicates an intention, persuades or merely argues, depends not only on the literal meaning of one's words, but what one intends to do with them, and the institutional and social setting in which the linguistic activity occurs. One thing a speaker might intend to do, and be taken to do, in saying "I'll be there to pick you up at six," is to promise to pick his listener up at that time. The ability to promise and to intend to promise arguably depends on the existence of a social practice or set of conventions about what a promise is and what constitutes promising. Austin especially emphasized the importance of social fact and conventions in doing things with words, in particular with respect to the class of speech acts known as illocutionary acts.
Austin began by distinguishing between what he called 'constatives' and 'performatives.' A constative is simply saying something true or false. A performative is doing something by speaking; paradigmatically, one can get married by saying "I do" (Austin, 1961). Constatives are true or false, depending on their correspondence (or not) with the facts; performatives are actions and, as such, are not true or false, but 'felicitous' or 'infelicitous,' depending on whether or not they successfully perform the action in question. In particular, performative utterances to be felicitous must invoke an existing convention and be invoked in the right circumstances.
However, a clear delimitation between performatives and constatives proved to be difficult to establish. There are explicit performatives; a verb used in a certain way makes explicit the action being performed: "I bet that there is a dangerous animal there," "I guarantee that there is a dangerous animal there," "I warn you that there is a dangerous animal there." But the same action could be performed implicitly: "There is a dangerous animal there," where both issues of (in)felicities and issues of truth/falsity are simultaneously present. Instead of pursuing the distinction between performatives and constatives, Austin (1962a) proposed a new three-fold distinction.
According to this trichotomy, a speech act is, first of all, a locutionary act, that is, an act of saying something. Saying something can also be viewed from three different perspectives: (i) as a phonetic act: uttering certain noises; (ii) as a phatic act: uttering words "belonging to and as belonging to, a certain vocabulary, conforming to and as conforming to a certain grammar"; and (iii) as a rhetic act: uttering words "with a certain more-or-less definite sense and reference" (Austin, 1962a, 95)...
從我使之粗體的那段可見,林貝克想說的是,當一個信徒聲稱「耶穌是主」,那信徒是要把耶穌作為主這信念溶入他的生命,使之與他的生命產生關係--「耶穌是主」成為了他生命裡的事實。
然而,這裡有三個問題。一, performative 裡說的那番話,也有constative 的成份的--即對一些說話者無法改變的事態的描述。例如,「耶穌是主」表達了有耶穌這對象和有主這概念,並耶穌可以成為人(或至少那說話者)的主等事態描述。這可以未與說話者生命產生任何關係的。正如我引用的文字裡的第三段說, constative 和 performative 兩者是難以明確劃分的。但林貝克似乎想把命題內容裡獨立於當事人的事態部份完全貶抑或去除。這是不正確的。
二,其實「耶穌是主」是「我信耶穌是主」的簡化讀法。試想,所有信條都會說「我信......」。那麼,問題不是我們怎樣把「耶穌是主」解釋為沒有行動意義的命題描述,而是它根本就是用來給信徒作信仰宣稱之用的。林貝克要攻擊的目標,不應是這類信仰宣稱,因這一定會對他有利的,而是神學書籍裡對信仰的陳述。這點,他在p. 69 裡也留意到,他說「耶穌是主」這類是 first (order?)-intentional uses ,由於這類話多用於宗教活動,所以是有很強烈的行動(包括心靈裡的降服)意味。他承認他應該針對的,是 second-order discourse ,就是很多神學書裡對信仰的那種表述。他說那是接續兩章要談的。
三,是否所有 first-intentional(抑或應是 first-order?) uses 都是 performative 或主要地是performative 的呢?這牽涉到究竟林貝克是在談教義、教義之認信、抑或任何在教會活動裡說的宗教語句。但不管他意圖如何,似乎只有當人在認信教義時,他的 performative 解釋才用得著。但林貝克卻把這個誇大為任何 first-intentional uses of religious language ,這是完全未曾證立過的。
試問,在教會裡,有多少first-intentional uses的說話可被算為信徒在進行信仰宣稱?若是太廣義地把大量 first-intentional uses 納入為信仰宣稱之列,連「上帝原來真的會引導人的,祂奇妙地帶領我找到這份工作」這類句子也算為信仰宣稱,是說話者以說話行動來make true 的事態,就會違反一般人理解的信仰宣稱,變成一個言詞之爭,意義不大。
再一次,我對林貝克的印象是雷聲大雨點小,頗為失望。首先,他憑著串連了幾個不同的理論,在大量provisionally 視之為 tentative 的理論裡鑽,才可弄出這個當所有那些理論得以成立的情況下才可以成立的文化語意進路;在過程中,他不著意維護或證立那些對他理論來說是必須的理論,他甚至顯得不太有興趣談那些。這使他整個表述顯得過份粗疏,後人實不應視這書為甚麼神學經典。其次,他的理論即使成立,原來其應用範圍卻嚴重地少於他聲稱可以適用的。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 10:52 PM
至於?in the business of "making-true" religious utterances, the believing community is doing too much, God is doing too little?,我布點保守(實質是迷失)。Lindbeck這種pragmatic truth,其實也有趣,所講命題的真,是由信的人使它為真,換句話說,信而行的則真,信而不行的則假。這點,亦可從聖經及教會教導中尋得支持。而且,這不是一個認真的信徒該做的麼?只是,妳問,上帝的角色何在,或者古老的「信與善工」問題的翻版問題,又令人頭痛。
請問甄兄所指的聖經支持是哪章哪節的呢?
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 11:05 PM
"An intrasystematically true statement is ontologically false -- or, more accurately, meaningless -- if it is part of a system that lacks the concepts or categories to refer to the relevant realities, but it is ontologically true if it is part of a system that is itself categorially true (adequate)" (pp.64-5) [/INDENT]
It seems that Lindbeck imagines there is a possibility of a statement belonging to a categorially false religious language, which is nonetheless intrasystematically true, but ultimately ontologically false (because there is nothing it can refer to). My question is: whether there are any religions which are intrasystematically well-organised enough to produce intrasystematically true statements and yet so seriously faulted categorially to the extent of making these intrasystematically true statements utterly "meaningless"? Within Lindbeck's model, there seems always to be a form of life a religious language can refer to by constituting it. Is it possible that a religious language will turn out to be categorially inadequate with respect to the reality it partly constitutes?
那個撒但教例子可能就是 intrasystematically coherent enough but categorially meaningless 。
For (a) above, Lindbeck later clarifies that religious sentences "acquire enough specificity to have first-order or ontological truth or falsity only in determinate settings, and this rarely if ever happens on the pages of theological treatises or in the course of doctrinal discussion" (emphasis added). For example, "Christ is Lord"
"becomes a first-order proposition capable [?] of making ontological truth claims only as it is used in the activities of adoration, proclamation, obedience, promise-hearing, and promise-keeping which shape individuals and communities into conformity to the mind of Christ" (p.68).
In other words, we cannot say whether "Christ is Lord" in and of itself is a doctrine or a first-order truth claim, we can at best distinguish its doctrinal or theological (thus non-propositional) uses and its other first-order religious uses. The cornerstone distinction of the book between doctrine and first-order belief-statement risks collapsing if the religious use of a statement like "Christ is Lord" can be simultaneously regulative/constitutive and propositional/assertorical. Lindbeck seems to think that this possibility is actual when he says that, unlike religious utterances, nonreligious performative speech cannot simultaneously function both performatively and propositionally (p.65). (And I wonder if Lindbeck's understanding of Austin here is correct?)
林貝克討論「耶穌是主」時,同時想談兩個截然不同的東西。一,那是一個performative use of language ,所以無法(主要地)用命題來理解;二,未掌握整個基督教敘事(宗教語言)的人是無法單單肯定或否定這句話,又或者,信徒說出這句話時是連帶暗示了很多基督教敘事裡的其他內容。兩者是完全獨立的。我有點懷疑他自己也混淆了。
The way that Lindbeck ties "use" with "truth" is one weakest spot that critics find in his account of truth. To put it crudely, in the business of "making-true" religious utterances, the believing community is doing too much, God is doing too little! Lindbeck's cultural-linguistic model leaves little room for revelation. Lindbeck perhaps believes that it is as it should be, because he imagines his model a non-theological social theory. But the philosophical and theological considerations keep breaking in -- there is no theologically or philosophically neutral social theory (yet Lindbeck should agree to this Kuhnian point too).
同意。但我懷疑林貝克會說,他只是提供一個別的學科會感到有共鳴的理論,而這理論又能在好些神學話題(如宗教對話、無誤論、聖母論等)上有一些啟發,那就是值得一談(這再次呼應他經常吹噓這理論如何吻合各類學科的研究)。至於這理論在啟示觀上太薄弱,他可能會覺得無傷大雅,正如牛油刀不是用來切蘋果的。
假如他真的會說類似的話,我唯有批評他起初吹噓得太大,根本就不是那樣一回事。
Daniel_Cheung
06-02-2008, 11:34 PM
Lindbeck perhaps believes that it is as it should be, because he imagines his model a non-theological social theory. But the philosophical and theological considerations keep breaking in -- there is no theologically or philosophically neutral social theory (yet Lindbeck should agree to this Kuhnian point too).
忘了回應最後這句,是的,他在過程裡做了很多神學判斷,尤其是他併棄那些認為教會以外無救恩的「大部份」傳統信徒觀點。他的所謂神學中立並不是真的中立。問題不是究竟有沒有人可以做到完全中立,而是他吹噓得太大了。可惜。
yanlaptak
06-03-2008, 01:18 AM
關於聖經章節,最直接聯想到的是雅各書,如一章22節,「只是你們要行道、不要單單聽道、自己欺哄自己」。要找支持的,應該還可找到。
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 01:23 AM
關於聖經章節,最直接聯想到的是雅各書,如一章22節,「只是你們要行道、不要單單聽道、自己欺哄自己」。要找支持的,應該還可找到。
但這沒有暗示因為信所以真。
yanlaptak
06-03-2008, 01:37 AM
先簡單回應你的真假觀。其他的,消化後再談。
你批評Lindbeck胡扯,可能言重了。或許他不完全正確,但不至於胡扯吧!
這百年來哲學界對真的研究,從較古老而未必正確的correspondence及coherence,到某些人講的consenus等等,對真假的理解可多了,其中一些算是幾established的立場,真的標準(這提法不夠嚴謹)不只一種。Correspondence,efficacious 及adeguate(暫且用Lindbeck的提法)都是。例如常提出的自然科學與精神科學不同,其真假觀亦不同。不知你的立場是不是所謂科學(從而真假觀)統一論。無論如何,與其說Lindbeck胡扯,你反而令我感到你的真假觀狹窄了些。
不過,問題倒不是寬與窄,而是真假到底是甚麼回事,若真假真如你講的那樣,則我當然接受了。然而我頗接受correspondence/reference之外還有別的真的標準--我算是個pragmatist,說得通之外,我還重視行得通。
yanlaptak
06-03-2008, 01:41 AM
「但這沒有暗示因為信所以真。」
若有人以此支持呢?至少人可以用這節經文支持那一種思想。我這裡用的,很近Lindbeck的思想,所以我能tune in(儘管還沒百分百接受)Lindbeck的提法。
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 02:37 AM
先簡單回應你的真假觀。其他的,消化後再談。
你批評Lindbeck胡扯,可能言重了。或許他不完全正確,但不至於胡扯吧!
這百年來哲學界對真的研究,從較古老而未必正確的correspondence及coherence,到某些人講的consenus等等,對真假的理解可多了,其中一些算是幾established的立場,真的標準(這提法不夠嚴謹)不只一種。Correspondence,efficacious 及adeguate(暫且用Lindbeck的提法)都是。例如常提出的自然科學與精神科學不同,其真假觀亦不同。不知你的立場是不是所謂科學(從而真假觀)統一論。無論如何,與其說Lindbeck胡扯,你反而令我感到你的真假觀狹窄了些。
不過,問題倒不是寬與窄,而是真假到底是甚麼回事,若真假真如你講的那樣,則我當然接受了。然而我頗接受correspondence/reference之外還有別的真的標準--我算是個pragmatist,說得通之外,我還重視行得通。
坦白說,你也許預期了我怎樣回應你,就是我不太知道你在說甚麼。你說有很多不同的標準,那麼不如你清楚地說幾個來聽聽。至於你說「問題倒不是寬與窄,而是真假到底是甚麼回事,若真假真如你講的那樣,則我當然接受了」,此話豈不反映出你有某種 correspondence view of truth ?你說的pragmatist 又是甚麼一回事?
由於這大量術語在哲學界有很多不同意思,我只有等你說清楚才能回應。至於寬與窄,暫時我看到的只是你不喜歡窄,而沒有看到你提出了甚麼理由。
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 02:37 AM
「但這沒有暗示因為信所以真。」
若有人以此支持呢?至少人可以用這節經文支持那一種思想。我這裡用的,很近Lindbeck的思想,所以我能tune in(儘管還沒百分百接受)Lindbeck的提法。
若這樣也叫做可以用經文來支持,不如說是把自己意思讀入去。你不是想說,這就是你的寬闊真假觀的「優點」吧?
Ming Yuen Yee
06-03-2008, 09:25 AM
再一次,我對林貝克的印象是雷聲大雨點小,頗為失望。首先,他憑著串連了幾個不同的理論,在大量provisionally 視之為 tentative 的理論裡鑽,才可弄出這個當所有那些理論得以成立的情況下才可以成立的文化語意進路;在過程中,他不著意維護或證立那些對他理論來說是必須的理論,他甚至顯得不太有興趣談那些。這使他整個表述顯得過份粗疏,後人實不應視這書為甚麼神學經典。其次,他的理論即使成立,原來其應用範圍卻嚴重地少於他聲稱可以適用的。
這點我頗同意。問題是這書的確成了代表Yale School的經典!很多人談論,也有很多人批評(尤其他們的Chicago School死敵)。
或者不能說Lindbeck完全是胡扯,可能他真的做一些開創性的東西,難免粗疏,但我讀此書的時候(尤其第三章的Excursus),真的覺得很confusing。我提的那個問題:「怎樣分別second-order的doctrines和first-order的belief statements?」還未有答案。但其他很多神學家還在討論(有時是unqualified地引用)此書,從我看不懂的東西裡面他們看懂了些甚麼?抑或,這是個國皇新衣的故事? :confused:
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 10:44 AM
若不喜歡「胡扯」這個貶義詞(其實他可以罵隱名基督徒一說是 nonsense ,我說他的理論胡扯又何妨?),那就看回林貝克思想和論證裡的缺點。以下三個缺點,其實在我之前的帖已說了不少,現在只是整理。
一,三種真假觀?不!
宗教語言有命題真假與意義多少(meaningfulness)的評核標準,這種論調並不新鮮,至少,在 David Tracy 七、八十年代的思想裡已清楚出現(碰巧我很認真讀過他兩本主要著作)。用意義多少來看宗教語言,fine ,我沒問題。但人家不會硬把 meaningfulness 意義下的 efficacy 概念說成一種真假觀,對應 truth 在命題內容裡的理論角色。這根本是多餘的造作。但林貝克卻要稱之為另一種的真假,然後還要再加一種叫做 categorial truth 。那就十分畫蛇添足。
用 Kuhnian 或 Carnapian 的角度( Carnap 後期是很 Kuhnian 的),也可能可以講得通,在不同 framework 裡都有一種真假的概念。但林貝克明顯地是不懂那些。如果他懂,他會發現那大概會是最恰當用來表達他思想的工具之一。當然,運用人家的理論是有限制的,林貝克一直以來表現出來的,只是他自己有甚麼理論需要,聽聞某個別科的理論好像支持相似看法,那就挪用過來(appropriate),明婉儀和我分別讀過不少社會人類學和哲學,亦知道博士水平有甚麼要求,應該不難看出林貝克對他所挪用的思想認識皮毛,彷彿只是在弄潮--不問學術上的合理不合理,只問是否學界的潮流。
但我也要作個聲明,我不是原則性地反對 Yale school 的思想,我暫時只是在反對林貝克對其思想的舖陳。這個進路有沒有可能建構出來,會建構成甚麼樣子,並不在我現在批評之列。我亦不會用這個可能出現的產品有多實用來替這產品加點同情分。人人都想天下太平,但不是任何聲稱可以帶來天下太平的思想都是可以帶來太平、都是可以接受的。有些只是天馬行空、風花說月、紙上談兵。
可能有人會說,開創性和集百家之大成的著作,是這樣子的了,難道你要他甚麼都懂麼?那我們可再說回 Tracy ,其實 Tracy 的思想也有集百家之大乘之勢,其著作旁徵博引,牽涉歐陸哲學、宗教研究、宗教比較等。雖然未誇下海口說可以跟得上其他學科的潮流或通曉其他學科的新見解,但明顯地他真的讀過和明白過那些思想,然後嘗試整合。林貝克現在做的跨科際整合與 Tracy 做的,就比下去了。是的,林貝克*聲稱*跨越的科際更濶,但他真正顯示出他跨科際的能力和工夫,卻少得多。旁徵博引早已談不上,他唯一有提及的只是 Geertz 的文化觀,但就連 Geertz 的文化觀我們也無法在他筆下知道甚麼。(可能這是天主教學者與新教學者的分別,前者的出身,總要經過很嚴格的哲學訓練,跨哲學的能力幾乎是所有天主教學者的基本工夫。)
二,他已盡了力做跨科際整合?不!
很惱人的是,很多時林貝克聲稱他論證了文化進路較優越,但來來去去都沒有提出像樣的論點,最終都要回到第二章那個語言先於經驗的立場。但我亦已指出了那語言先於經驗的立場並不是如此萬能的。他理應看出,既然這是他最後的據點,他便要多些著墨,釐清背後的哲學問題,而不是草草地用幾頁交代,彷彿(又一次)假定了,別的學科也有講,那就是好東西。即使是好東西又如何?如果他自己也未消化好,未想得通,他可以運用得好嗎?
三,他的論證舖陳有一定學術水平?不!
論證上的粗疏也嚴重損害這書的質素。最主要例子是他攻擊隱名基督徒時,把那思想說成有帝國主義(不是政治的那個)。如果他那批評成立,他自己建議把別的宗教視作 God-willed, God-approved 的活動,何嘗不是帝國主義?他把 better Marxist 說成大概都要是在基督教角度下的 better ,豈也不是帝國主義?難道那些批評基督教宣教有帝國主義的人,只會關心這個帝國主義思想跟那個帝國主義思想,原來少了一個共同普遍宗教經驗的假設,而不關心基督徒用基督教的 norms 來加諸他們身上麼?單是少了這假設,林貝克建議把別的宗教視作 God-willed, God-approved 的活動背後的基督教優越感就會完全消失的麼?
宗教對話是林貝克聲稱他最專業的,有十多二十年經驗。我不能想像他連這麼顯淺的錯也看不見。並且,他還要因此用 "nonsense" 來批評隱名基督徒的講法。
這樣的水平,碩士論文口試也未必可以通過。
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 01:02 PM
但我讀此書的時候(尤其第三章的Excursus),真的覺得很confusing。我提的那個問題:「怎樣分別second-order的doctrines和first-order的belief statements?」還未有答案。但其他很多神學家還在討論(有時是unqualified地引用)此書,從我看不懂的東西裡面他們看懂了些甚麼?抑或,這是個國皇新衣的故事? :confused:
除了難以區分 first-order 與 second-order 外,我認為另外兩個問題是,一,如果在實際宗教語言裡兩者是難以分割的,或 first-order 出現次數佔大多數,林貝克的理論(若成立的話)就會顯得 insignificant 。二, first-order 與 second-order 即使可以成功地被理論化地分別出來,那只不過是一個邏輯概念上的區分,同一句話--例如「我信耶穌創造了世界」--可能同時有 first-order 和 second-order 。試想,教會的教導和宣講,除了 first-order 地認信外,有不少人是很著意地灌輸神學思想的(例如要相信聖經無誤、要相信神掌管萬事云云)。那麼,那些人的論述就肯定摻雜了大量 second-order (however it is defined)。那麼,他要求我們*單單*用 rule 來理解教義(在第一章他說這是他的原創之處)就成為了他的偏狹。
國皇新衣現象,的確是有可能出現的。且看很多挪用後現代思想的神學著作,妳大概也會覺得很多人是用得不好的。但在神學界,那些著作已成為後現代化神學的代表或經典。另一例子是妳很熟悉的神學與科學討論,妳自己也經常說,那些人講的科學觀跟本就是過時的,但神學與科學討論裡的人卻以為那是甚麼了不起的成功整合。得罪說句,神學圈跟不上別的潮流,只要有人說他做了些整合,略為頭頭是道,其他人就跟隨了,這並非不可能發生的。若覺得我這裡瞧不起神學,也讓我說個哲學的例子。哲學界也有一些人很愛談物理學新理論或整合一些心理學來講知識論,同樣的,很多人就當了那些理論是成功的整合,很潮,但卻沒有多少會認真審查究竟那些著作裡運用的物理學知識或心理學知識是否正確和有否已過時。(所以,有時候哲學人不愛談那些,未必是因為一種對先驗知識的特異鍾愛,而是自知未能掌握得好,不知為不知好了。)
Daniel_Cheung
06-03-2008, 03:26 PM
或許總會有人覺得我批評那三種真假觀是因為我有某些哲學取向,以致無法接受寬鬆的真假觀。這個,我已說了不是這回事。但不論如何,現在我想到有另一個對 categorial truth 的批評,是不會引來這些(不必要的)回應的。
對 categorial truth 的內部質疑
一,categorial truth 這個觀念似乎是 oxymoron 。如果在一個文化語言系統裡, reality 是由語言和文化定義和塑造的,那語言和文化提供了 categories ,使那系統可以談論何謂事實與否及其真假,那麼,我們憑甚麼說有一種 categorial truth ?那些 categories 既然文化語言規則的一部份,而規則是沒有真假可言的(這點林貝克承認過的,亦是正確的),那麼為甚麼要弄一個名詞叫做 categorial truth ?
二,不要誤會上點即我之前對真假觀的批評。我現在要說的是,即使把這東西改名為 categorial adequacy ,困難猶在。 Adequate 與否,是由 categories 及其他語言文化規則所決定的。那麼,我們沒有別的標準去說 categories 是 adequate 。不要忘記,這不是經驗-表達進路,判斷真假、好壞、 adequate/inadequate 的,不可能是任何獨立於語言的東西。
三,如此,我們回到林貝克說撒但教的那番話: "On a categorial interpretation, in contrast, beliefs about the Satan of Satanism might be neither true nor false, but like those regarding a square circle, nonsensical (thought horrendously so)." (p. 51) 如果任何人要對文化語言系統 L 的一些規則和 categories 作出判斷,那就暗示了有一個更大的文化語言系統包含了 L , 如此, L 的規則和 categories 才可以被判斷。而林貝克對撒但教的講法,正好反映出他有意或無意地假定宗教語言系統被另一個文化語言系統所包含。也因如此,categorial truth 才顯得有意義。
那個更大的文化語言系統是甚麼?最可能的答案會是當代人類社會的文化語言系統,包括各類學術,包括宗教,包括道德語言(甚至可能假設有普遍道德價值),包括各種次文化等。這文化語言系統在承載著人類在這世界的總體經驗(這是 Carnap 說 "adopt the thing-language" 背後的精神),而不是某類經驗如宗教經驗。在此,宗教文化和語言原來不是統攝所有文化和語言的,情況卻是相反,被統攝起來。
看來,這都是林貝克的理論很可能要同時假定的。但這會引出很多新問題。主要有二。第一,不同語言文化系統--對等的或從屬的--之間的關係可怎樣理解?有沒有可能有一種語言文化系統的真假觀可以普遍地被使用?(這其實即是研究維根斯坦的人討論有沒有 universal language-game 去講論各種 language-games 的那個問題。)第二,如果不同宗教只是這大語言文化系統裡的子系統,不同宗教豈不應該有共通語言?但若有共通語言,林貝克整個理論就面臨崩潰,回歸到類似經驗-表達模式;類似,是因為那經驗-表達模式仍須儘量要否認有共通宗教經驗,和否定經驗先於語言。
四,好了,看到這些不理想後果 ,林貝克或其支持者可能會在根源處轉變立場,說,那麼我們乾脆否認有更大的文化語言系統的存在,或否認宗教系統是那系統的子系統。然而,這樣他(們)就無法對撒但教作出那個判斷,而 categorial truth 這概念也就突然變得意義不明,甚至是 oxymoron 。正如某種對 Kuhn 的理解是,當 Kuhnian paradigms 是完全 incommensurable 的話,任何人都無法判斷哪個 paradigm 比較好或比較理性,因為「好」和「理性」是未有參照點的,因此科學沒有進步或退步可言;也像某種文化相對主義的看法,各文化裡的人絕對不可能對別的文化作出價值判斷,不是不應該,而是根本沒有普遍價值作為參考。
yanlaptak
06-05-2008, 06:16 AM
對我來說,真的問題太複雜,無法像張會長那樣直率的道出個簡單的「不」來。
真究竟有幾多種?是一還是多?我目前頗傾向於多的一邊。因為真的理論至少有兩種,是界內普遍承認的,一般的哲學教科書也必會提及的──correspondence theory和coherence theory。這兩種理論各有優點,缺點。有人致力於修訂完善它們(往往是贊同correspondence theory的證明比coherence theory的好,反之亦然),有人企圖超過它們;種種Pragmatisms就是其中一類。而Lindbeck的三分說,也不是甚麼新穎的東西(指成書的1984年),可說是社會理論的101。我試提供一些接近Lindbeck立場的學者的說法,並非要證明Lindbeck完全對,只想說明站類似立場的,不是沒有decent的論據的。由於本人的限制,我只能講Karl-Otto Apel一家的論證(?Transcendental semiotics and truth: the relevance of a Peircean consensus theory of truth in the present debate about truth theories? in Marianna Papastephanou (ed) From a transcendental semiotic point of view, Manchester University Press, 1998),別的論證應是存在的。
1. Correspondence Theory的限制:
1.1 Ontologico-metaphysical theory of truth指這樣一種真的理論:「是說成不是,不是說成是,就是假;是就說是,不是就說不是,便為真」(Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1011b 26 f)。Kant揭示了這個理論的困難。語理論將心和物的關係視如主體可以抽離地觀察的兩個對象的關係,則一,不能區分真假,因為自然的運動或關係不會因而轉變(we can never detect such a thing as the difference as truth and falsehood. For natural processes or relations are completely indifferent with regard to this distinction.)二,主體無法脫離主-客關係去認識,不能看透物表象背後的自身。所以,人企圖用自己的判斷去與物自身比較,只會是regressus ad infinitum(因為,人員只能用判斷跟別的報稱是與物自身的現象比較的判斷比較,一直下去,以至無窮。)
1.2 Apel另外論及Husserl的phenomenlogical evidence theory of truth和Tarski對此的語意學改造,當然也是優點缺點的,為他後面的綜合理論鋪路,由於跟我現在的目的無關,恕不贅。
2. Coherence Theory的限制:Apel以Hegel為coherence theory的代表,引他在《精神現象學》和邏輯學的論點,認為語言比sense certainty更真,因為表象sense certainty的索引詞,如「這個」,「這裡」,「現在」等等,若從語言的概念涵意抽離出來,就不能指稱任何認知對象,必須詮釋(我簡化了,希望不會因而變得大錯)。儘管Apel同意Hegel的論點,他認為Hegel誤解了索引詞的語言功能,他補充道,詮釋跟命題不同,因為詮釋能藉索引詞吸收新資訊,能擴展詞項的外延和內涵,一如以天鵝一詞指稱一項黑天鵝。
3. Consensus Theory:要吸取correspondence theory和coherence theory的優點,揚棄它們的缺點,他提出一個得自Peirce思想的 Consensus Theory,根據符號具一身性,二身性和三身性,強調語這群體等角色。因為這與我的目的不太相關(不過應跟Lindbeck的論點相關),況且要說也很費周張,也恕不贅了。
最後要註明一下,我無意斷定Lindbeck講的CP就是Correspondence Theory,EE就是Coherence Theory,而CL便是Consensus Theory,Lindbeck的三分比較複雜;我只是想說明,Lindbeck的某些論斷並非沒有decent的論據的。他沒寫出來,也不一定是他的失誤,讀者群的知識背景從來就很難在一本書,一篇文內完全能照顧到的。
Daniel_Cheung
06-05-2008, 11:30 AM
多謝回應!我知道有 correspondence theory 和 coherence theory 等,我甚至早已提出卡納普式的真假觀作為 correspondence theory 以外的選擇(這算不算是 coherence theory ,我未能確定),但那不是林貝克這裡說的。我無意堅持只有一種看法,但我看不見他有提供甚麼理由。無法詳解是一件事,沒有解釋(包括沒有指往別的著作)卻是另一回事。正如我看 Tracy 或一些 foundational theology 的書,那些作者即使沒有詳解他們的哲學立場,但至少懂得說一些參考書,並且他們顯得是看過的,看懂的,雖然粗略卻也頭頭是道。最後,我對他的批評亦不限於對真假觀的立場(#27)。
Daniel_Cheung
06-05-2008, 03:33 PM
多謝回應!我知道有 correspondence theory 和 coherence theory 等,我甚至早已提出卡納普式的真假觀作為 correspondence theory 以外的選擇(這算不算是 coherence theory ,我未能確定),但那不是林貝克這裡說的。我無意堅持只有一種看法,但我看不見他有提供甚麼理由。無法詳解是一件事,沒有解釋(包括沒有指往別的著作)卻是另一回事。正如我看 Tracy 或一些 foundational theology 的書,那些作者即使沒有詳解他們的哲學立場,但至少懂得說一些參考書,並且他們顯得是看過的,看懂的,雖然粗略卻也頭頭是道。最後,我對他的批評亦不限於對真假觀的立場(#27)。
補充一點。有關各種真假觀的哲學討論,可參考 Stanford Encyclopedia 的這條目,http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/
值得留意的是,那裡談到, correspondence theory 未必是指一種很直接(很 niave)的對應,例如 Tarski 那理論就不用如此。至於它的競爭對手如 coherence theory 等,也不是不會談命題的。如此,有三個跟林貝克思想有關的觀察可以提出來:
一, Truth as correspondence 的重點並不在於命題,那所謂 ontological commitment 亦未必要如林貝克所講的。林貝克談的第一種真假觀似乎是一種很古老和不必要的 truth as correspondence 。那就有攻擊稻草人之意。
二,林貝克的第二種和第三種真假觀,跟各類哲學界談論的真假觀(以那條目講的為參考),仍是有出入的。他不是棄 truth as correspondence 取 truth as coherence or whatever other theory 。他是談一些很不同的東西。我批評的,不是他放棄 truth as correspondence ,而是他談的真假觀也算不上是別的理論,極其量略為近似 pragmatic theory of truth --只是近似而已。為甚麼只是近似?請留意他說的 categorial truth ,那是所有 theories of truth 皆無法容納的,亦有我指出的理論內部困難。
三,或有人會想以歐陸哲學的另類真假觀來看林貝克,雖然我不熟悉那些,但我卻很懷疑。以 Tracy 為例,他引用大量海德格爾/伽達瑪爾的真理觀,來建構他的神學,但林貝克卻要完全拒絕這些,謔稱之 nonsense 的為 experiential-expressive 的符號理論。
Let me reiterate, all these have nothing to do with my distaste, if any, for any theory of truth other than the correspondence theory, which after all is irrelevant to my criticisms here.
Daniel_Cheung
06-08-2008, 07:33 AM
這書很可能是神學院課程參考閱讀之一,而本區的討論包含不少神學以外的學術角度,甚有參考價值。若有朋友要用這裡任何人士提出的觀點,敬請尊重知識產權,在引用時列明出處,至少要包括:...基督教人文學會,「林貝克:《教義的本質》閱讀小組, www.s-h-c.org... 。另請留意,本區的討論以對談形式為主,沒有很嚴謹的論文寫作,引用時敬請小心不要斷章取義。謝謝!
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