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Daniel_Cheung
12-16-2008, 08:29 PM
美國很大的一個網上交友服務 eHarmony ,其創辦人原來是基督徒,且在 Focus on Family 等保守福音派圈子內受歡迎。然而,該網站經常被控告沒有為同性戀者提供服務,到今年十一月,該網站終於在一訴訟裡承諾會替同性戀者開設一個網站,讓他們交友。

要留意的是, eHarmony 的服務不純是任由人們在網上登記,然後查看不同會員資料, eHarmony 是有點家長主義式的,他們要求登記者做一份很詳細的心理分析調查,然後把他們認為適合的人分配給登記者。或許正因為這個主動參與 matching 而令這服務變得要為參加者負上更多責任,如此他們之前拒絕替同性戀者提供服務,就顯得不太合理。

然而,我始終覺得有點不明白,為甚麼他們無權選擇只做異性戀者的 matching ?我想背後應該有一些可以明白的法律問題,但沒空去了解真相了。


相關資料:
Christian-Founded Dating Website eHarmony Forced to Cater to Homosexuals (http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2008/nov/08112104.html)
eHarmony to start matching gays and lesbians?!?! (http://www.christiandatingwatchdog.com/eharmony.html)
eHarmony: Heart and soul (http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-05-18-eharmony_x.htm)
Suit forces eHarmony to offer gay dating service (http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN1935377720081119)

雖然我不太同意 eHarmony 要被逼替同性戀者提供服務,但對於基督徒因為這決定大罵 eHarmony ,我同樣感到不太適當(見這裡 (http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2008/11/eharmony_to_off.html)的網友回應),畢竟,那不是打著基督教名義開辦的公司。

《今日基督教》做了一個網上投票,有以下結果(我是今天在那裡看其他投票結果才留意到這新聞):
http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/features/poll.html

Christianity Today Poll
Should eHarmony have fought a lawsuit and refused to create a same-sex matching service?
Yes, Christians should always fight lawsuits that could compromise their mission.
46%
Yes, it is a good issue to take a stand on.
32%
No, it would have been expensive, and litigation outcomes are unpredictable.
3%
No, it would have fostered an image of Christians as unloving.
5%
No, eHarmony is not a Christian organization.
15%

Total Votes: 900

wonggk
12-16-2008, 11:54 PM
美國很大的一個網上交友服務 eHarmony ,其創辦人原來是基督徒,且在 Focus on Family 等保守福音派圈子內受歡迎。然而,該網站經常被控告沒有為同性戀者提供服務,到今年十一月,該網站終於在一訴訟裡承諾會替同性戀者開設一個網站,讓他們交友。

要留意的是, eHarmony 的服務不純是任由人們在網上登記,然後查看不同會員資料, eHarmony 是有點家長主義式的,他們要求登記者做一份很詳細的心理分析調查,然後把他們認為適合的人分配給登記者。或許正因為這個主動參與 matching 而令這服務變得要為參加者負上更多責任,如此他們之前拒絕替同性戀者提供服務,就顯得不太合理。

然而,我始終覺得有點不明白,為甚麼他們無權選擇只做異性戀者的 matching ?我想背後應該有一些可以明白的法律問題,但沒空去了解真相了。


A few key points here:

1. eHarmony is a for-profit company doing business in New Jersey. (i.e. It is not a religious organization)

2. New Jersey forbids for-profit organization from discriminating against sexual orientation.

3. Someone filed complaint against eHarmony

4. The case has not yet gone to court, i.e. the court did not say whether eHarmory's refusal to serve homosexuals was discrimination or not.

5. The parties settled out of court. eHarmony agreed to set up another website for homosexuals in exchange for dropping the lawsuit.

Important points:

1. It is still unclear whether eHarmony can legally refuse to serve homosexuals in New Jersey. This question has not been answered. May be they still can, they just decided it is not for their best business interest to continue with this practice. Another website may want to fight this all the way to the U.S. supreme court.

2. If a website truly want to not serve homosexuals, all they have to do is to set up outside the U.S., say in Iran :rolleyes: or in the Vatican (the country, if they allow dot com's to operate from there) :p . Then they can do that "legally". U.S. courts can't touch them. A a company decides to set up in the U.S. because they want to take advantage of certain benefits such as technology, human resources, stable environment, business opportunities, rule of law etc., then in return they should also follow local laws.

Daniel_Cheung
12-17-2008, 12:08 AM
2. If a website truly want to not serve homosexuals, all they have to do is to set up outside the U.S., say in Iran :rolleyes: or in the Vatican (the country, if they allow dot com's to operate from there) :p . Then they can do that "legally". U.S. courts can't touch them. A a company decides to set up in the U.S. because they want to take advantage of certain benefits such as technology, human resources, stable environment, business opportunities, rule of law etc., then in return they should also follow local laws.

美國應該還有些州是沒有這問題吧。

clement
12-17-2008, 12:12 AM
A few key points here:

1. eHarmony is a for-profit company doing business in New Jersey. (i.e. It is not a religious organization)

2. New Jersey forbids for-profit organization from discriminating against sexual orientation.
.

也就是說,有些基督徒牟利公司,可能只是做「基督徒清潔」、「基督徒搬運」,這些牟利公司也絕對不能歧視性取向,以免觸犯法例?

具體地說,他們不能因為性取向的緣故拒絕聘請有能力的同性戀基督徒?在這裡,用「機構異象=成立清一色異性戀牟利公司來服務教會,所以上下一心都是信徒,都是異性戀」是無效辯護?

wonggk
12-17-2008, 12:26 AM
美國應該還有些州是沒有這問題吧。

Within the U.S., it is more tricky. Businesses operating in multiple states will be govern by laws of all states they operate in. So, if eHarmony accepts clients with a New Jersey address, they have to follow New Jersey laws in New Jersey.

What this means is that, if New Jersey's anti sexual orientation discrimination law is applicable to a web dating company (this is an unanswered question at this time), but if Utah does not have such law, then eHarmony can refuse to match gays with a Utah address, but cannot refuse to match gays with New Jersey address.

eHarmony's headquarter is in Pasadena, CA. Let's assume that it's assets (computer servers, bank accounts etc.) are all in California. If someone from New Jersey successfully sues eHarmony in a New Jersey court, the winner can then come to California and get the company's asset. U.S. courts will respect verdicts from other U.S. courts. This is stated in the U.S. constitution.

If the company is registered in another country and keeps all assets outside the U.S., a New Jersey resident can still sue them. But after winning the lawsuit, court of the other country will not honor verdict of a U.S. court. And since the internet is way beyond national borders, the company won't be affected by it at all.

horace
12-17-2008, 12:28 AM
eHarmony開辨同志服務﹐大可以把男同志配女同志﹐讓他們變直。
配對公司開同志服務﹐法律沒有規定一定要男配男女配女嘛。
另外也有些公司專門服務同志﹐咁又可不可以告他們歧視異性戀者﹖

wonggk
12-17-2008, 12:33 AM
也就是說,有些基督徒牟利公司,可能只是做「基督徒清潔」、「基督徒搬運」,這些牟利公司也絕對不能歧視性取向,以免觸犯法例?

具體地說,他們不能因為性取向的緣故拒絕聘請有能力的同性戀基督徒?在這裡,用「機構異象=成立清一色異性戀牟利公司來服務教會,所以上下一心都是信徒,都是異性戀」是無效辯護?

Yes. This is basically the case.

Back to my paper with nkcwong last year. If what you described is allowed, then we will have Muslim taxi drivers refusing to serve passengers carrying alcohol; Christian taxi drivers refusing to serve two males holding hands; Buddhist tax drivers refusing to serve housewives who are carrying meat home from shopping ...

wonggk
12-17-2008, 12:34 AM
另外也有些公司專門服務同志﹐咁又可不可以告他們歧視異性戀者﹖

This case did not go to trial, so no legal conclusion to be drawn here.

clement
12-17-2008, 06:50 AM
Yes. This is basically the case.

Back to my paper with nkcwong last year. If what you described is allowed, then we will have Muslim taxi drivers refusing to serve passengers carrying alcohol; Christian taxi drivers refusing to serve two males holding hands; Buddhist tax drivers refusing to serve housewives who are carrying meat home from shopping ...

這是否只是針對同志歧視,還是也包括「宗教歧視」在內?

但例如,殺動物時唸經祈禱的伊斯蘭屠夫,難道他也有責任要幫異教徒殺豬?基督徒網站要幫忙賣色情公司的廣告?
 
應該有些豁免吧 
 
 

nkcwong
12-17-2008, 10:29 AM
美國應該還有些州是沒有這問題吧。

Within the U.S., it is more tricky. Businesses operating in multiple states will be govern by laws of all states they operate in. So, if eHarmony accepts clients with a New Jersey address, they have to follow New Jersey laws in New Jersey.

What this means is that, if New Jersey's anti sexual orientation discrimination law is applicable to a web dating company (this is an unanswered question at this time), but if Utah does not have such law, then eHarmony can refuse to match gays with a Utah address, but cannot refuse to match gays with New Jersey address.

eHarmony's headquarter is in Pasadena, CA. Let's assume that it's assets (computer servers, bank accounts etc.) are all in California. If someone from New Jersey successfully sues eHarmony in a New Jersey court, the winner can then come to California and get the company's asset. U.S. courts will respect verdicts from other U.S. courts. This is stated in the U.S. constitution.



You are talking about California, which has anti-discrimination laws against sexual orientation. But I take Cheung to mean setting up the headquarter in Utah or South Dakota, which has no such laws.

wonggk
12-17-2008, 11:30 AM
You are talking about California, which has anti-discrimination laws against sexual orientation. But I take Cheung to mean setting up the headquarter in Utah or South Dakota, which has no such laws.

如果公司在總部在 Utah,沒有性傾向保護法,但是公司在New Jersey 或者加州這些有保護法的州做生意,他們在當地的業務是由當地法律管理,本地顧客如果不滿,可以跟據本地的法律在本地訴訟。如果贏了,就可以要求公司總部的法庭執行判決。這是憲法中的 Full Faith and Credit Clause (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause)

如果公司在外國,Faith and Credit Clause 就沒有用了。(但是可能有國際條約適用)

Dot Com 的有趣問題是﹕ 是顧客到公司的網站,不是公司到顧客的地區做生意,這又怎樣算呢?在傳統商業,如果你來到加州,在超市買了東西回 Missouri,發覺壞了,你就不可以在Missouri 告加州的超市,因為交易的地點是加州。

Dot Com 可不可以說,我的 server 在 Utah,所以交易在 Utah,不是New Jersey,不受 New Jersey 的法律管?如果這樣,網上交易的消費者就沒有什麼保障了。但是 dot com 又不可以控制顧客是從那一個地方來的。

於是現在美國就引用了一個概念﹕ Minimum Contact。如果一 dot com 公司「主動」的在某一地方尋求生意(例如在當地的電視或者報紙賣廣告),它就受當地法律管制,但是如果公司沒有在當地主動的尋求生意,而只是顧客在網上光顧,那就不受顧客當地法律管理,而只受公司當地的法律管理。例如我在加州開一間 dot com 做 dating,但是我只在南加的報紙做廣告,你來到加州看到廣告,回家後從 Missouri 來光顧,你就不可以在 Missouri 的法庭告我,我在Missouri 達不到 Minimum Contact 這要求。

eHarmony 的廣告是全國的,所以它肯定受各州的法律規範。它應該做的,是基於顧客的地址而決定是否為同性戀者提供服務。

Daniel_Cheung
12-17-2008, 11:52 AM
1. eHarmony is a for-profit company doing business in New Jersey. (i.e. It is not a religious organization)

2. New Jersey forbids for-profit organization from discriminating against sexual orientation.

3. Someone filed complaint against eHarmony

4. The case has not yet gone to court, i.e. the court did not say whether eHarmory's refusal to serve homosexuals was discrimination or not.

5. The parties settled out of court. eHarmony agreed to set up another website for homosexuals in exchange for dropping the lawsuit.


多謝 Gordon 的解說。我想爭議焦點已不再是法律與地區的問題,而是究竟 eHarmony 不提供同性戀交友服務(不要忘記 eHarmony 的系統要主動 match people 的),是否真的構成歧視。 eHarmony 曾辯說,一,他們的專長是異性戀交友和婚姻,所以不便提供同性戀交友服務。二,同性婚姻在很多州仍是不合法,而他們的交友服務是期望可以令兩人結婚的。

另外,這與的士司機拒載有點不同,交友不是生活必須,而 eHarmony 也不是唯一一間(亦不是最大的一間)交友公司。

這有點像一家連鎖餐廳拒絕提供河豚(不小心處理會有毒素留在食物裡的),因沒有相關技術,亦不想食死人,而人們亦有權自行選擇去有河豚食的餐廳。那麼,我們有甚麼理由認為該連鎖餐廳拒絕提供河豚是一種歧視?

wonggk
12-17-2008, 11:56 AM
這是否只是針對同志歧視,還是也包括「宗教歧視」在內?

但例如,殺動物時唸經祈禱的伊斯蘭屠夫,難道他也有責任要幫異教徒殺豬?基督徒網站要幫忙賣色情公司的廣告?
 
應該有些豁免吧 
 
 

開屠場,可以完全不提供殺豬服務,這不算宗教歧視,但是卻不可以不為某宗教人士提供服務。

我不覺得 eHarmony 不提供同性 dating 一定不合法,否則我可以走入清真菜館,一定要食燒肉,不然就告他們 :D ,只是現在法庭沒有機會去判決了。

留意現在 eHarmony 還是沒有提供同性 dating,他們只是另外開一個網站。我覺得這是商業決定多於法律決定。

wonggk
12-17-2008, 11:58 AM
多謝 Gordon 的解說。我想爭議焦點已不再是法律與地區的問題,而是究竟 eHarmony 不提供同性戀交友服務(不要忘記 eHarmony 的系統要主動 match people 的),是否真的構成歧視。 eHarmony 曾辯說,一,他們的專長是異性戀交友和婚姻,所以不便提供同性戀交友服務。二,同性婚姻在很多州仍是不合法,而他們的交友服務是期望可以令兩人結婚的。

另外,這與的士司機拒載有點不同,交友不是生活必須,而 eHarmony 也不是唯一一間(亦不是最大的一間)交友公司。

這有點像一家連鎖餐廳拒絕提供河豚(不小心處理會有毒素留在食物裡的),因沒有相關技術,亦不想食死人,而人們亦有權自行選擇去有河豚食的餐廳。那麼,我們有甚麼理由認為該連鎖餐廳拒絕提供河豚是一種歧視?

我同意,請看我回應 Clement 兄的 post。

wonggk
12-17-2008, 12:13 PM
還有一些觀察﹕

1﹕ eHarmony 現在的大股東是幾間 Venture Capital,他們才不會理什麼 Christian value,唯一的考慮是回報。現在已經有其他網站用這點來搶客,他們可能正想找機會發展這市場,這案件是免費宣傳,同志們都知道eHarmony 現在做他們生意了 :rolleyes: 。

2﹕ eHarmony 現在也不是直接提供同性 dating 服務,而是另開一個網站,對於不要 civil union 而堅持要 marriage 的同性戀者,這是很大的讓步。我覺得他們也知道這案件如果打上去,贏面不高,所以見好即收。

Daniel_Cheung
12-17-2008, 12:20 PM
這樣的個案研討,很值得整理出來,讓信徒不要囫圇吞棗地用甚麼「自由主義和同志運動又在壓逼宗教」的論述來定性這個案。

或許時候到了,可悉數把這些個案研討結集成書,出版我那書的出版社應該會很有興趣。

nkcwong
12-17-2008, 12:25 PM
還有一些觀察﹕

1﹕ eHarmony 現在的大股東是幾間 Venture Capital,他們才不會理什麼 Christian value,唯一的考慮是回報。現在已經有其他網站用這點來搶客,他們可能正想找機會發展這市場,這案件是免費宣傳,同志們都知道eHarmony 現在做他們生意了 :rolleyes: 。

2﹕ eHarmony 現在也不是直接提供同性 dating 服務,而是另開一個網站,對於不要 civil union 而堅持要 marriage 的同性戀者,這是很大的讓步。我覺得他們也知道這案件如果打上去,贏面不高,所以見好即收。

為何eHarmony不乾脆將總部移到Utah或其他州?

又或將公司split成兩個不同獨立公司,一間仍在New Jersey登記,為同性戀者提高compatible服務,但過一年半載後把它關掉。另一間在Utah開總部,不為同性戀者提供服務。

相信以上是一些很複雜的法律問題。:confused:

wonggk
12-17-2008, 12:35 PM
為何eHarmony不乾脆將總部移到Utah或其他州?

又或將公司split成兩個不同獨立公司,一間仍在New Jersey登記,為同性戀者提高compatible服務,但過一年半載後把它關掉。另一間在Utah開總部,不為同性戀者提供服務。

相信以上是一些很複雜的法律問題。:confused:

eHarmony 現在的總部是在加州,不是New Jersey。只是他們在 New Jersey 做生意,就受 New Jersey 管。

我覺得,如果他們真的想不做同志的生意,在法律上是可以做到的,所以現在做的只是商業決定。用陰謀論說,他們一方面可以繼續向 Christian Rights 獻媚,說「不是我想做同志生意,只是被逼」,另一方面又可以大小通吃。:p

clement
12-17-2008, 12:38 PM
為何eHarmony不乾脆將總部移到Utah或其他州?

又或將公司split成兩個不同獨立公司,一間仍在New Jersey登記,為同性戀者提高compatible服務,但過一年半載後把它關掉。另一間在Utah開總部,不為同性戀者提供服務。

相信以上是一些很複雜的法律問題。:confused:

:eek:

但如果這樣(成立兩個獨立但有合作聯繫的公司,由同一批股東操縱)行得通,eHarmony可以找別的同志交友公司合作,起碼互換URL連結,這樣又是否足以解決「歧視」問題呢?
 
 
 
 

clement
12-17-2008, 12:47 PM
開屠場,可以完全不提供殺豬服務,這不算宗教歧視,但是卻不可以不為某宗教人士提供服務。

我不覺得 eHarmony 不提供同性 dating 一定不合法,否則我可以走入清真菜館,一定要食燒肉,不然就告他們 :D ,只是現在法庭沒有機會去判決了。


但什麼肉都賣,唯獨不賣豬(假設附近農場是有生豬供應,沒有任何衛生考慮),這顯然是「歧視」所有其他非伊斯蘭宗教的人士,不為他們無法提供服務。同樣的例子,也可以是:有個異教徒抬來一頭豬要求宰殺,這個伊斯蘭清真屠場能否拒絕。


這就跟一間書局,只賣一夫一妻的婚姻書類,不賣一夫多妻的婚姻書類,或者買所有宗教書,唯獨不賣摩門教書,都算「歧視」,不為某類小眾服務呀。

nkcwong
12-17-2008, 01:08 PM
Dot Com 可不可以說,我的 server 在 Utah,所以交易在 Utah,不是New Jersey,不受 New Jersey 的法律管?如果這樣,網上交易的消費者就沒有什麼保障了。但是 dot com 又不可以控制顧客是從那一個地方來的。

於是現在美國就引用了一個概念﹕ Minimum Contact。如果一 dot com 公司「主動」的在某一地方尋求生意(例如在當地的電視或者報紙賣廣告),它就受當地法律管制,但是如果公司沒有在當地主動的尋求生意,而只是顧客在網上光顧,那就不受顧客當地法律管理,而只受公司當地的法律管理。例如我在加州開一間 dot com 做 dating,但是我只在南加的報紙做廣告,你來到加州看到廣告,回家後從 Missouri 來光顧,你就不可以在 Missouri 的法庭告我,我在Missouri 達不到 Minimum Contact 這要求。

eHarmony 的廣告是全國的,所以它肯定受各州的法律規範。它應該做的,是基於顧客的地址而決定是否為同性戀者提供服務。

I see what you mean now.

wonggk
12-17-2008, 02:20 PM
但什麼肉都賣,唯獨不賣豬(假設附近農場是有生豬供應,沒有任何衛生考慮),這顯然是「歧視」所有其他非伊斯蘭宗教的人士,不為他們無法提供服務。同樣的例子,也可以是:有個異教徒抬來一頭豬要求宰殺,這個伊斯蘭清真屠場能否拒絕。


這就跟一間書局,只賣一夫一妻的婚姻書類,不賣一夫多妻的婚姻書類,或者買所有宗教書,唯獨不賣摩門教書,都算「歧視」,不為某類小眾服務呀。

除了伊斯蘭教,猶太教也有很不吃豬的。我 PhD 的 committee 的co-chair,就是不吃豬的猶太人。

問題是﹕ 提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務。在美國憲法下沒有人可以強逼你提供任何服務,這是「奴隸」,但是,法律的規定是,如果你提供某一服務,就不能基於顧客的宗教而拒絕服務。不賣燒肉不是問題,但是不做回教徒生意就是問題。(就是說,如果你賣燒肉,但是有一個吃燒肉的回教少數教派人士來到而不賣給他,就是歧視 -- 我香港認識一個吃豬肉的回教徒,第一次去飲茶,我說明燒買是豬肉,他照食)

所以,我覺得 eHarmony 的個案是很有機贏的。

clement
12-17-2008, 02:39 PM
除了伊斯蘭教,猶太教也有很不吃豬的。我 PhD 的 committee 的co-chair,就是不吃豬的猶太人。

問題是﹕ 提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務。在美國憲法下沒有人可以強逼你提供任何服務,這是「奴隸」,但是,法律的規定是,如果你提供某一服務,就不能基於顧客的宗教而拒絕服務。不賣燒肉不是問題,但是不做回教徒生意就是問題。(就是說,如果你賣燒肉,但是有一個吃燒肉的回教少數教派人士來到而不賣給他,就是歧視 -- 我香港認識一個吃豬肉的回教徒,第一次去飲茶,我說明燒買是豬肉,他照食)

所以,我覺得 eHarmony 的個案是很有機贏的。

謝謝解說,我誤會了定義。也就是說,不能上清真館要求吃豬;但如果他們自己賣豬,他們不能只賣給教內人,而不賣給猶太教徒。
 
 
 
 
 

wonggk
12-17-2008, 03:19 PM
謝謝解說,我誤會了定義。也就是說,不能上清真館要求吃豬;但如果他們自己賣豬,他們不能只賣給教內人,而不賣給猶太教徒。
 
  

不用客氣,我只是清楚美國的情況,不敢說其他地方也是一樣。

wonggk
12-17-2008, 03:33 PM
問題是﹕ 提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務。在美國憲法下沒有人可以強逼你提供任何服務,這是「奴隸」,但是,法律的規定是,如果你提供某一服務,就不能基於顧客的宗教而拒絕服務...

再想過這個案,它其實很灰色,因為可以寫為

[1] eHarmony refuses to provide dating service to homosexuals
vs
[2] eHarmony refuses to provide same-sex dating service

[1] 是歧視,[2] 卻應是公司的自由去決定提供什麼服務。

要肯定是 [2] 而不是 [1],eHarmony 只要如 horace 建議的,聲明會為同性戀(和異性戀)者提供約會異性的服務,卻不會為異性戀(和同性戀)者提供約會同性的服務,就可以符合 [2] 而不是 [1]。:em1:

nkcwong
12-17-2008, 03:40 PM
除了伊斯蘭教,猶太教也有很不吃豬的。我 PhD 的 committee 的co-chair,就是不吃豬的猶太人。

問題是﹕ 提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務。在美國憲法下沒有人可以強逼你提供任何服務,這是「奴隸」,但是,法律的規定是,如果你提供某一服務,就不能基於顧客的宗教而拒絕服務。不賣燒肉不是問題,但是不做回教徒生意就是問題。(就是說,如果你賣燒肉,但是有一個吃燒肉的回教少數教派人士來到而不賣給他,就是歧視 -- 我香港認識一個吃豬肉的回教徒,第一次去飲茶,我說明燒買是豬肉,他照食)

所以,我覺得 eHarmony 的個案是很有機贏的。

對,「提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務」可以conceptually是一個valid的分別,但也要視乎實際情況。若我不賣豬肉,無論是回教徒,基督徒,佛教徒,沒有宗教信仰都不賣,那麼是沒有問題,不是歧視,因為我只是不提供服務S。

但若我不提供服務T,而T只是Y群體有需要,其他群體沒有這種需要,那麼就並不是那麼容易說不是歧視了。Just for the sake of argument,若有人不喜歡華人,故意想刁難他們,于是在唐人街開中餐館,但要求客人落order時一定要用英文。引申Jim Crow law, poll tax, literacy requirement, 這些可以說成『不為(文盲,窮人)提供什麼「服務」』,但其實是『不對某些人提供「服務」』,就是不讓黑人投票,是defacto 的歧視。

同理,若不提供man-man,woman-woman的約會服務,而這服務只是同性戀(或雙性戀)者才有需要,那麼按現時的anti-discrimination law,應該不會這麼容易脫身,因為是defacto的歧視。

wonggk
12-17-2008, 03:47 PM
對,「提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務」可以conceptually是一個valid的分別,但也要視乎實際情況。若我不賣豬肉,無論是回教徒,基督徒,佛教徒,沒有宗教信仰都不賣,那麼是沒有問題,不是歧視,因為我只是不提供服務S。

但若我不提供服務T,而T只是Y群體有需要,其他群體沒有這種需要,那麼就並不是那麼容易說不是歧視了。Just for the sake of argument,若有人不喜歡華人,故意想刁難他們,于是在唐人街開中餐館,但要求客人落order時一定要用英文。引申Jim Crow law, poll tax, literacy requirement, 這些可以變相說成「不提供什麼服務 」,但其實是「不對某些人提供服務」,就是不讓黑人投票,是defacto 的歧視。

同理,若不提供man-man,woman-woman的約會服務,而這服務只是同性戀者才有需要,那麼按現時的anti-discrimination law,應該不會這麼容易脫身,因為是defacto的歧視。

很同意,不過 eHarmony 可能有一張皇牌,就是說他們的 matching algorithm 只是對男女配對才有效,那麼他們不配對男男和女女就是技術問題,而不是歧視。

Poll tax,literacy requirement 和這情況不同,因為他們用 grandfather clause 來免除白人責任,這就更容易達到 defacto 歧視的標準。

clement
12-17-2008, 03:52 PM
再想過這個案,它其實很灰色,因為可以寫為

[1] eHarmony refuses to provide dating service to homosexuals
vs
[2] eHarmony refuses to provide same-sex dating service

[1] 是歧視,[2] 卻應是公司的自由去決定提供什麼服務。

要肯定是 [2] 而不是 [1],eHarmony 只要如 horace 建議的,聲明會為同性戀(和異性戀)者提供約會異性的服務,卻不會為異性戀(和同性戀)者提供約會同性的服務,就可以符合 [2] 而不是 [1]。:em1:

問題是,eHarmony 是提供「約會異性」服務,還是「約會男性 / 約會女性」服務。

前者是異性戀者(和雙性戀者)才需要的服務;後者卻是四種性取向都需要的服務。

用英文的話,他們提供的服務是 "looking for men/women",還是 "looking for the other sex".
 
 
 

wonggk
12-17-2008, 04:41 PM
問題是,eHarmony 是提供「約會異性」服務,還是「約會男性 / 約會女性」服務。

 

這個我不知道,因為沒有需要使用他們的服務。如果老婆發現我去 eHarmony 隨時死人 :D :D

wonggk
12-17-2008, 05:00 PM
這樣的個案研討,很值得整理出來,讓信徒不要囫圇吞棗地用甚麼「自由主義和同志運動又在壓逼宗教」的論述來定性這個案。

或許時候到了,可悉數把這些個案研討結集成書,出版我那書的出版社應該會很有興趣。

這會是很好的 project,因為可以讓教徒以不同的角度來看事情。

horace
12-17-2008, 10:44 PM
但若我不提供服務T,而T只是Y群體有需要,其他群體沒有這種需要,那麼就並不是那麼容易說不是歧視了。Just for the sake of argument,若有人不喜歡華人,故意想刁難他們,于是在唐人街開中餐館,但要求客人落order時一定要用英文。引申Jim Crow law, poll tax, literacy requirement, 這些可以說成『不為(文盲,窮人)提供什麼「服務」』,但其實是『不對某些人提供「服務」』,就是不讓黑人投票,是defacto 的歧視。


若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而不提供服務T就是歧視Y群體﹐那所有餐廳豈不是要提供回教的Hafal肉食﹖

若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而Y群體的市場又不大﹐可不可以用不合乎成本效益來作拒絕服務的理由呢﹖

nkcwong
12-17-2008, 11:14 PM
若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而不提供服務T就是歧視Y群體﹐那所有餐廳豈不是要提供回教的Hafal肉食﹖

若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而Y群體的市場又不大﹐可不可以用不合乎成本效益來作拒絕服務的理由呢﹖

其實我想不到更好的例子,餐廳例子並不很好。因為餐廳可以提供不同風味的食品,有日本餐廳,希臘餐廳,墨西哥餐廳,葡國餐聽等等,甚至佛教提供的齋菜。不可能要求只供應素菜的餐廳提供燒臘,不能說對方不提供就是歧視。

但交友就不一樣了。性傾向跟口味不一樣的,相信沒有人生下來就喜歡日本餐吧!即使有,也不容易說服別人。但起碼有研究顯示,部份的同性戀者性傾向是與生俱來的。而且無論你是喜歡什麼風味的菜,你還是有某種性傾向。

clement
12-18-2008, 06:07 AM
若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而不提供服務T就是歧視Y群體﹐那所有餐廳豈不是要提供回教的Hafal肉食﹖

若果T只是Y群體有需要﹐而Y群體的市場又不大﹐可不可以用不合乎成本效益來作拒絕服務的理由呢﹖

參看#22, wonggk的回答:"問題是﹕ 提供什麼服務 vs 對什麼人提供服務。在美國憲法下沒有人可以強逼你提供任何服務,這是「奴隸」"。

如果真的有人告,應該很多律師肯接這些案件吧。

clement
12-18-2008, 06:31 AM
其實我想不到更好的例子,餐廳例子並不很好。因為餐廳可以提供不同風味的食品,有日本餐廳,希臘餐廳,墨西哥餐廳,葡國餐聽等等,甚至佛教提供的齋菜。不可能要求只供應素菜的餐廳提供燒臘,不能說對方不提供就是歧視。

但交友就不一樣了。性傾向跟口味不一樣的,相信沒有人生下來就喜歡日本餐吧!即使有,也不容易說服別人。但起碼有研究顯示,部份的同性戀者性傾向是與生俱來的。而且無論你是喜歡什麼風味的菜,你還是有某種性傾向。

如果有個基督徒開了一間宗教心理輔導牟利公司,他能否轉介異教徒和無神論者去別的宗教心理輔導公司,就叫做完成了責任;好像解決弱勢語言群體的問題那樣,如果有個只說中文的人去要求英文輔導者提供輔導,後者只需要轉介,或者提供收費的翻譯。
 
 
 
 

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 09:00 AM
如果有個基督徒開了一間宗教心理輔導牟利公司,他能否轉介異教徒和無神論者去別的宗教心理輔導公司,就叫做完成了責任;好像解決弱勢語言群體的問題那樣,如果有個只說中文的人去要求英文輔導者提供輔導,後者只需要轉介,或者提供收費的翻譯。
 

這樣想我覺得很合理。問題是法律並不如此,因為若已經有現成的反性傾向歧視法規範商業關係,那麼就很難以轉介脫罪。我懷疑這樣做會違反Brown v Board of Education的裁定,就是推翻在Plessy v Ferguson所立下的separate but equal的法律先例。(就是若有學校不喜歡收黑人學生,是不能以轉介到黑人學校為理由,即使黑人學校的設備師資等跟白人學校一樣。)除非我們改變法律,否則只能work with what we've got.

法律離理想或應該往往有很大差距。

wonggk
12-18-2008, 09:18 AM
如果有個基督徒開了一間宗教心理輔導牟利公司,他能否轉介異教徒和無神論者去別的宗教心理輔導公司,就叫做完成了責任;
No. If you offer different services to customers with different religion, that's discrimination.

The solution is to offer the same service to anyone seeking your service. i.e. You offer "Christian counseling" to all clients regardless of their background. Naturally non Christians may not find this service useful. In this case they just won't seek your service. But if a non-Christian wants to receive Christian counseling, you can't say "Because you are non-Christian, I am not going to serve you".

What the non-Christian client cannot do is to require you to provide non-Christian counseling service.





好像解決弱勢語言群體的問題那樣,如果有個只說中文的人去要求英文輔導者提供輔導,後者只需要轉介,或者提供收費的翻譯。


In common law, as well as under U.S. constitution, the counselor does not need to do anything. If the client doesn't understand English and still wants to waste money to see the counselor, it is not the counselor's problem. The "product" being provided is "Counseling Service in English". The client cannot demand another service.

But under U.S. Medicare law, and for healthcare providers only, we have to offer interpretation service to non English speaking Medicare patients (can be done via AT&T language line). Fortunately, most insurance companies will pay for this service.

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 09:27 AM
No. If you offer different services to customers with different religion, that's discrimination.

The solution is to offer the same service to anyone seeking your service. i.e. You offer "Christian counseling" to all clients regardless of their background. Naturally non Christians may not find this service useful. In this case they just won't seek your service. But if a non-Christian wants to receive Christian counseling, you can't say "Because you are non-Christian, I am not going to serve you".


這是legally speaking歧視,但是morally就不一定。

問題還在,若是以牟利方式提供基督教輔導服務,以傳統基督教對同性戀看法做輔導仍然會惹官司。

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 09:40 AM
No. If you offer different services to customers with different religion, that's discrimination.

The solution is to offer the same service to anyone seeking your service. i.e. You offer "Christian counseling" to all clients regardless of their background. Naturally non Christians may not find this service useful. In this case they just won't seek your service. But if a non-Christian wants to receive Christian counseling, you can't say "Because you are non-Christian, I am not going to serve you".


想深一層,你的回應好像不太對題。轉介跟自己提供服務不是兩回事嗎?Clement只是說轉介,連轉介都是「歧視」--barring what I just talked about with respect to "separate but equal"?若我不是婦產轉科醫生,我提議病人找別的專家應該不算是歧視吧?

wonggk
12-18-2008, 09:53 AM
想深一層,你的回應好像不太對題。轉介跟自己提供服務不是兩回事嗎?Clement只是說轉介,連轉介都是「歧視」--barring what I just talked about with respect to "separate but equal"?若我不是婦產轉科醫生,我提議病人找別的專家應該不算是歧視吧?

Clement's question is

如果有個基督徒開了一間宗教心理輔導牟利公司,他能否轉介異教徒和無神論者去別的宗教心理輔導公司,就叫做 完成了責任

What I mean is that you cannot JUST refer to another counselor. You still have a DUTY to provide the SAME service, regardless of the client's religion. If the client does not want your service (Christian Counseling), that's a totally different issue. You don't even have to refer.

This is not the same as me not doing OB. If a pregant woman comes to see me for OB problem, that's beyond my skill, she can't insisit I provide something I don't have.

Pregnancy is not a protected category, so even if I refuse to serve her, she has no recourse :p . But from a medical ethics perspective, I should still treat her non OB problem if I have the knowledge and skill to do so (e.g. treating a common cold)

wonggk
12-18-2008, 10:08 AM
這是legally speaking歧視,但是morally就不一定。

問題還在,若是以牟利方式提供基督教輔導服務,以傳統基督教對同性戀看法做輔導仍然會惹官司。

It depends on what do you mean by 惹官司. I can walk into McDonald and sue them because they don't serve BBQ Pork on rice, (and therefore discrimination against my race and national origin). But I won't be able to win this one.

You can never prevent anyone from suing. You can only make sure that you can win the case.

This is back to the "what service/product to offer" vs. "who to serve" distinction. For profit companies and non profit organization are protected by the U.S. constitution, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and no slavery.

If my "product/service" is Christian based counseling, and I offer this "product/service" to anyone. You are homosexual and you don't like my "product/service", just don't buy from me.

I want to again stress that the eHarmony case is NOT a legal decision. It is the company's business decision to start offering a new service. The settlement (have separate websites) strongly suggests to me that eHarmony likely has a very strong legal defense for the other side to be willing to accept this settlement.

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 10:17 AM
It depends on what do you mean by 惹官司. I can walk into McDonald and sue them because they don't serve BBQ Pork on rice, (and therefore discrimination against my race and national origin). But I won't be able to win this one.

You can never prevent anyone from suing. You can only make sure that you can win the case.

This is back to the "what service/product to offer" vs. "who to serve" distinction. For profit companies and non profit organization are protected by the U.S. constitution, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and no slavery.

If my "product/service" is Christian based counseling, and I offer this "product/service" to anyone. You are homosexual and you don't like my "product/service", just don't buy from me.

I want to again stress that the eHarmony case is NOT a legal decision. It is the company's business decision to start offering a new service. The settlement (have separate websites) strongly suggests to me that eHarmony likely has a very strong legal defense for the other side to be willing to accept this settlement.

問題你勝訴的機會有多大?

F(Fact)﹕ 輔導員按傳統基督教觀認為同性戀是罪。
(1)有反性傾向歧視法。
(2)有hate speech 法。
(3)以宗教自由為理由辯護。

F 違反(1),很有可能違反(2),不能使用(3),因為是商業關係。

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 10:26 AM
This is back to the "what service/product to offer" vs. "who to serve" distinction. For profit companies and non profit organization are protected by the U.S. constitution, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and no slavery.



Sorry. I overlooked this. But you leave me really confused. Didn't you--or we--say earlier that a Muslim taxi driver cannot refuse to take passengers carrying alcoholic beverages on religious grounds?

wonggk
12-18-2008, 10:32 AM
問題你勝訴的機會有多大?

F(Fact)﹕ 輔導員按傳統基督教觀認為同性戀是罪。
(1)有反性傾向歧視法。
(2)有hate speech 法。
(3)以宗教自由為理由辯護。

F 違反(1),很有可能違反(2),不能使用(3),因為是商業關係。

Why not? Freedom of religion is not limited to non profit setting. It is not absolute (i.e. you can't use freedom of religion to justify selling virigins to be offered as sacrify), but anti-discrimination and hate speech laws can't trumph freedom of religion (fundamental right).

Another strong defense is freedom of speech. There is a difference between commerical speech (i.e. advertisment) vs. speech make in a commercial setting. Commerical speech enjoys less protection. But speech make in a commercial setting is still a fundamental right.

Recall all those offensive comments made by radio DJ's? No legal action was ever taken against them. Instead, even 80-20 etc. could only apply commercial pressure to have these DJ's fired.

clement
12-18-2008, 11:19 AM
Sorry. I overlooked this. But you leave me really confused. Didn't you--or we--say earlier that a Muslim taxi driver cannot refuse to take passengers carrying alcoholic beverages on religious grounds?

「非謀利」就能豁免嗎?如果有班穆斯林,成立一個行會,或者一個宗教組織,只為原則上認同伊斯蘭生活方式的人士提供出租車服務(說穿了,具體地說就是不飲酒和不吃豬),他們賺得的錢,全數上繳行會組織,而旗下所有司機都是受薪員工,行會組織把工資和其他成本扣除之後,全數捐給所屬的宗教團體,作總教用途。這樣他們算「非謀利」,對嗎?

這樣是否就可以歧視拒載而無法律責任呢?
 
 
 
 

wonggk
12-18-2008, 11:53 AM
Sorry. I overlooked this. But you leave me really confused. Didn't you--or we--say earlier that a Muslim taxi driver cannot refuse to take passengers carrying alcoholic beverages on religious grounds?

This is because taxi service is a specially regulated business.

The U.S. constitution is a floor, not a ceiling. States can add additional regulations as long as they are not in conflict with the U.S. constitution.

The question is this: Does requiring taxi drivers to serve passangers carrying alcohol violate the driver's freedom of religion?

The supreme court has come up with the following rules:

1. Freedom of religion is absolute with belief, but not absolute with action. -- My example: you can belief that eating human flesh will make you immortal, but you can't use freedom of religion in a murder trial.

2. But, government can regulate religious active only with "compelling reason" and using least restrictive means.

If making sure that a city has adequate taxi service is a "compelling reason", then government can require taxi drivers to serve all passangers.

Another way to look at this is: Is not serving passangers carrying alcohol a restriction on who to serve, or a restruction on what service to offer?

If taxi's are offering "passanger transportation service", they can't refuse to serve certain passangers.

If taxi's are offering "non-alcohol carrying transportation service", then they can refuse to carry these passangers.

Taxi's are licensed. I am sure that the license is not for "non-alcohol carrying transportation service" only. When a driver refuses to serve these passangers, he also has violated conditions of the license.

Back to counseling. If the counselor is part of APA (American Psychological Association), he/she will violate their code of ethics if they try to say that homosexuality is a sin and can be kicked out of APA. Same thing that a Jehovah Witness doctor refusing to give patient blood transfusion will still be liable for malpractice. But these are not constitutional issues. These are professional regulation.

nkcwong
12-18-2008, 12:34 PM
This is because taxi service is a specially regulated business.

The U.S. constitution is a floor, not a ceiling. States can add additional regulations as long as they are not in conflict with the U.S. constitution.

The question is this: Does requiring taxi drivers to serve passangers carrying alcohol violate the driver's freedom of religion?

The supreme court has come up with the following rules:

1. Freedom of religion is absolute with belief, but not absolute with action. -- My example: you can belief that eating human flesh will make you immortal, but you can't use freedom of religion in a murder trial.

2. But, government can regulate religious active only with "compelling reason" and using least restrictive means.

If making sure that a city has adequate taxi service is a "compelling reason", then government can require taxi drivers to serve all passangers.

Another way to look at this is: Is not serving passangers carrying alcohol a restriction on who to serve, or a restruction on what service to offer?

If taxi's are offering "passanger transportation service", they can't refuse to serve certain passangers.

If taxi's are offering "non-alcohol carrying transportation service", then they can refuse to carry these passangers.

Taxi's are licensed. I am sure that the license is not for "non-alcohol carrying transportation service" only. When a driver refuses to serve these passangers, he also has violated conditions of the license.

Back to counseling. If the counselor is part of APA (American Psychological Association), he/she will violate their code of ethics if they try to say that homosexuality is a sin and can be kicked out of APA. Same thing that a Jehovah Witness doctor refusing to give patient blood transfusion will still be liable for malpractice. But these are not constitutional issues. These are professional regulation.

若考慮紅字highlight那些,那麼欲以傳統基督教對同性戀看法開設輔導服務,根本是沒有什麼真正的option,「做又死,不做又死」。要麼你會被APA取消資格,要麼你冒人家告的風險,因為(3)只是限於belief受絕對保護,但行動就不然。(1)加(2),加上一些對傳統基督教觀念不friendly的法官,(4)會解釋為政府有理由禁止F。

F(Fact)﹕ 輔導員按傳統基督教觀認為同性戀是罪。
(1)有反性傾向歧視法。
(2)有hate speech 法。
(3)以宗教信仰自由為理由辯護。
(4)政府可以以compelling reason為理由規管宗教活動。

結論是勝數很低。

wonggk
12-18-2008, 12:50 PM
若考慮紅字highlight那些,那麼欲以傳統基督教對同性戀看法開設輔導服務,根本是沒有什麼真正的option,「做又死,不做又死」。要麼你會被APA取消資格,要麼你冒人家告的風險,因為(3)只是限於belief受絕對保護,但行動就不然。(1)加(2),加上一些對傳統基督教觀念不friendly的法官,(4)會解釋為政府有理由禁止F。

F(Fact)﹕ 輔導員按傳統基督教觀認為同性戀是罪。
(1)有反性傾向歧視法。
(2)有hate speech 法。
(3)以宗教信仰自由為理由辯護。
(4)政府可以以compelling reason為理由規管宗教活動。

結論是勝數很低。

要做 counseling,可以不入 APA 的,基督教也有自己counseling 的組織。反而耶證醫生不為人輸血就更沒有保護。

這是 professional duty vs personal value 的問題,等於 pacificist 可不可以要求做警察相似。他可不可以說,警察不一定要殺人的,我可不可以只做文職,但是卻屬於警隊編制?

至於 Compelling Reason,現在的案例都是傾向保護宗教自由,就以最近加州同性戀者要求人工受孕一案,如果讀整個判詞,也發現法庭並沒有規定醫生必須個人替她們服務,而只是需要安排她們獲得服務。

當然,你可以和蔡志森一樣,說法官「可能」怎樣怎樣。但是加州 Prop 8 已經告訴我們,在真正的民主制度下,人民是有「話事權」的。